{"id":14301,"date":"2020-08-30T11:56:45","date_gmt":"2020-08-30T07:56:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=14301"},"modified":"2020-08-30T11:56:49","modified_gmt":"2020-08-30T07:56:49","slug":"turk-dusmani-ummetci-devsirme-osmanlici-ziniyetin-devir-edilen-miras-neydi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=14301","title":{"rendered":"T\u00dcRK D\u00dc\u015eMANI, \u00dcMMET\u00c7\u0130, DEV\u015e\u0130RME, OSMANLICI Z\u0130N\u0130YET\u0130N DEV\u0130R ED\u0130LEN M\u0130RAS NEYD\u0130?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

T\u00dcRK D\u00dc\u015eMANI, \u00dcMMET\u00c7\u0130, DEV\u015e\u0130RME, OSMANLICI Z\u0130N\u0130YET\u0130N, \u00d6VE \u00d6VE B\u0130T\u0130REMED\u0130KLER\u0130 OSMANLI\u2019DAN, CUMHURIYETE DEV\u0130R ED\u0130LEN M\u0130RAS NEYD\u0130
ADALET BAKANI PROF.DR. MAHMUT ESAT BOZKURT NEDEN «T\u00dcRK\u2019\u00dcN EN K\u00d6T\u00dcS\u00dc, T\u00dcRK OLMAYANIN EN \u0130Y\u0130S\u0130NDEN \u0130Y\u0130D\u0130R. GE\u00c7M\u0130\u015eTE OSMANLI \u0130MPARATORLU\u011eUNUN BAHTSIZLI\u011eI EKSER\u0130YA MUKADDERATINI T\u00dcRKLERDEN BA\u015eKASININ \u0130DARE ETM\u0130\u015e OLMASIDIR.» DEM\u0130\u015eT\u0130<\/strong>
\u0130BRETLE OKUYUNUZ OKUTUNUZ..<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar,<\/strong>
D\u00fcn bir arkada\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sorusu \u00fczerine \u201c\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc d\u00f6neminde ABD yap\u0131lan, Adnan Menderes d\u00f6neminde ABD\u2019ye tam teslimiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen ikili antla\u015fmalar\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k.
\u00d6ncelikle yorumlar\u0131yla bize \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma azmi veren t\u00fcm de\u011ferli arkada\u015flar\u0131ma ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 y\u00fcrekten te\u015fekk\u00fcr ediyorum. Sizleri okuduk\u00e7a de\u011ferli arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilgi ve \u00f6\u011frenme istedi\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendimi fazlas\u0131yla sorumlu hissediyorum. Ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 yorumlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde sorumlulu\u011fumuz art\u0131yor. Bu sebeple konumuza tamamlamak \u00fczere ara vererek daha geriye gidiyor, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyete devir al\u0131nan mirastan ba\u015flayarak
a-Cumhuriyeti hangi \u015fartlarda kurduk
b- 15 y\u0131l gibi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede zengin m\u00fcreffeh Tam Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ulus Devleti nas\u0131l kurabildik
c- Yeniden nas\u0131l bu hale geldik
Bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131m\u0131zda,T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, \u00fcmmet\u00e7i, Dev\u015firme, Osmanl\u0131c\u0131 zihniyetin \u00f6ve \u00f6ve bitiremedikleri Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyete devir edilen miras neydi onu anlatal\u0131m istiyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

— \u201cOSMANLIYIM M\u00dcSL\u00dcMANIM.. \u201c
— \u201cBEN ONU SORMADIM HANG\u0130 M\u0130LLETTENS\u0130N?\u201d
— \u201cHA\u015eA HUZURDAN \u00d6TE T\u00dcRK\u2019\u00dcM BEY\u0130M!\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar,
Osmanl\u0131 Devletini Kuran T\u00fcrkler Fatih d\u00f6neminde y\u00f6netimi dev\u015firmelere kapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca, d\u00f6nme, dev\u015firme enderuni y\u00f6neticilerin katliamlar\u0131na maruz kalm\u0131\u015f, t\u0131pk\u0131 bu g\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi elinde avucunda ne varsa \u00e7al\u0131narak b\u00fct\u00fcn emekleri bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f,19.yy\u2018da Anadolu\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131ktan kitleler halinde \u00f6l\u00fcmler meydana gelmi\u015f, yar\u0131 a\u00e7 yar\u0131 tok ya\u015famaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrkler evlatlar\u0131n\u0131 bilmedi\u011fi yerlerde \u015fehit vermeye devam etmi\u015ftir. Resimde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n d\u00fczensiz ve yetersiz beslenmeden kaynaklanan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, ergenlik d\u00f6nemindeki gen\u00e7lerin ayakkab\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n dahi olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarlalardaki veya t\u00fcnel de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrklerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc ayn\u0131 zamanda yoklu\u011fun,yoksullu\u011fun ve \u00e7aresizli\u011fin resmidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonunda verilen kay\u0131plar milleti derinden sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aileler bitmez t\u00fckenmez sava\u015flarda t\u00fckenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk Milleti a\u00e7t\u0131r, yoksuldur, peri\u015fand\u0131r. H\u00e2lbuki Rum\u2019u, Ermeni\u2019si, hatta Yahudi\u2019si bile y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en se\u00e7kin en imtiyazl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131. T\u00fcrklerin yar\u0131 kar\u0131n toklu\u011funa \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak adeta zul\u00fcm alt\u0131nda kazand\u0131klar\u0131 paralarla onlar Saray Yavrusu yal\u0131larda, konaklarda m\u00fcthi\u015f bir zenginlik i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bunlara ne olduklar\u0131 soruldu\u011fu zaman, \u201cRum\u2019um, Ermeni\u2019yim, Yahudi\u2019yim, hatta \u00c7ingene\u2019yim\u201d demekten \u00e7ekinmiyorlard\u0131. Ancak T\u00fcrk, Osmanl\u0131 Devletini kuran Y\u00fcce T\u00fcrk Milletinin evlatlar\u0131 ise \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00fcm\u201d, bile diyemiyor O sadece: \u201cOsmanl\u0131y\u0131m, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019\u0131m!\u201d diyebiliyor \u00e7ok \u00fczerine gidilirse ba\u015f\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcne e\u011fik vaziyette \u201cHa\u015fa huzurdan \u00f6te T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm beyim\u201d diyebiliyordu.
T\u00fcrk\u00fcn, dinda\u015flar\u0131 olan, Arnavut\u2019a, Araba, \u00c7erkez\u2019e gelince bunlar da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsiyorlard\u0131 ancak bunlar kendilerine sorulunca: G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini gererek: Arnavut\u2019um, Arab\u2019\u0131m, \u00c7erkez\u2019im diye gururla cevap veriyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 gibi nice b\u00fcy\u00fck Cihan devletleri kurmu\u015f bu milletin neden bu ac\u0131lar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sebebini Mahmut Esat Bozkurt, \u201eAtat\u00fcrk \u0130htilali\u201c adl\u0131, -bu g\u00fcnlerde daha \u00e7ok okunmas\u0131 gerekli- eserinde \u015fu \u015fekilde anlatmaya devam ediyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cT\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn en k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, T\u00fcrk olmayan\u0131n en iyisinden iyidir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun bahts\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekseriya mukadderat\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrklerden ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n idare etmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d(1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNaima gibi devletin resim bir tarih\u00e7esi bile, tarihinin bir\u00e7ok yerlerinde T\u00fcrkten bahsederken (Etraki bi idrak) tabirini kullan\u0131r ve bunu kullanmakta beis g\u00f6rmez. Ulusal duygu, bundan ba\u015fka daha nas\u0131l yok edilebilir. … dejenereli\u011fin bu derecesi nerede g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f?
Hi\u00e7 unutmam, me\u015frutiyette Sadrazam \u0130brahim Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa, hen\u00fcz T\u00fcrk s\u00fcng\u00fcs\u00fcyle bast\u0131r\u0131lan Arnavut isyan\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 meclisinde bahsederken \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cArnavutlar, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu tac\u0131n\u0131n en k\u0131ymetli bir p\u0131rlantas\u0131d\u0131r. Acaba T\u00fcrkler bu tac\u0131n nesi idi? Onu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, akla getiren bile yoktu. Araplar ise Kavmi necip Arap \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me\u015frutiyet ilan olunur olunmaz, \u0130stanbul\u2019un Divan yolunda bir alay kul\u00fcpler belirmi\u015fti, K\u00fcrt Teav\u00fcn cemiyeti, \u00c7erkes Teav\u00fcn cemiyeti, Arnavut Ba\u015fk\u0131m kul\u00fcb\u00fc, Arap Birli\u011fi ….. vesaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyo\u011flu\u2019nda: Etnikieterya, Adelfiya, Ta\u015fnaksutyon kul\u00fcpleri, rum ve ermenileri temsil ediyorlard\u0131. Yahudilerin bile Alynas \u0130zraelitleri vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk kul\u00fcb\u00fc, T\u00fcrk birli\u011fi diye bir \u015feye tesad\u00fcf olunmuyordu. Sadece \u0130ttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti vard\u0131. Fakat ne ittihad\u0131, ne terakkisi bunu bilen bile yoktu. Mevhum Osmanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0130ttihad\u0131 ve Terakkisi!. T\u00fcrk ocaklar\u0131 bile T\u00fcrk olmayan unsurlar\u0131n m\u00fcthi\u015f itirazlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.\u201d(2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0130\u015flerin ba\u015f\u0131na da T\u00fcrk\u2019ten ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 getirdik, uzak gitme\u011fe ne hacet? 1908 de me\u015frutiyet ilan edildi\u011fi vakit, i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda Sadrazam olarak Avlonyal\u0131 Arnavut Ferit Pa\u015fa bulunuyordu. Saray\u0131n en nafiz adamlar\u0131, \u0130zzet Halalar, Selim Melhameler idi.
Balkan muharebesinde Osmanl\u0131 devletinin hariciye naz\u0131r\u0131 Nura Dunkyan idi!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avusturya hariciye naz\u0131r\u0131 Baron Erentfal bu s\u0131ralarda Yunanistan hakk\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetine baz\u0131 malumat vermek istemi\u015f, fakat Viyana b\u00fcy\u00fck el\u00e7imiz Mavrekordate oldu\u011fundan i\u015fi ona a\u00e7amam\u0131\u015f. \u201cNas\u0131l a\u00e7ay\u0131m? Rum\u2019dur. Yunanistan\u2019a haber verir\u201d demi\u015f.
Halimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcz bir kere!…
Hi\u00e7 unutmam, \u0130stiklal sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Londra konferans\u0131na Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen murahhas heyeti aras\u0131nda \u0130zmir mebusu s\u0131fat\u0131yla bende bulunuyordum. Reisimiz olan \u00c7erkes Bekir Sami\u2019nin i\u015fi g\u00fcc\u00fc Kafkasya\u2019da bir \u00c7erkes devleti kurdurmak olmu\u015ftu. H\u00e2lbuki biz T\u00fcrk \u0130stiklal ini kurma\u011fa memur idik. \u201c(3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TRABLUSGARB\u2019TA, \u00c7ANAKKALE\u2019DE, SAKARYA\u2019DA!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili okurlar,
Mahmut Esat Bozkurt Atat\u00fcrk \u0130htilali adl\u0131 eserine bir \u00f6rnek olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Adanal\u0131 Recep \u00c7avu\u015f ile Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en konu\u015fmay\u0131 anlatmakta yarar g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum.
Zaferden sonra Adana\u2019ya giden Mustafa Kemal, beraberindekilerle \u015fehri gezerken, dikkatini \u00e7eken g\u00fczel binalarla ilgileniyor, sahiplerini soruyordu:
Bu villa kimin?
Kirkor Efendinin, Pa\u015fam,
Bu k\u00f6\u015fk?
Dimitri Efendinin, Pa\u015fa Hazretleri,
Ya \u015fu konak?
Salamon Efendinin…
O s\u0131rada Mustafa Kemal\u2019in g\u00f6z\u00fcne toprak daml\u0131 bir virane ili\u015fmi\u015f, onun da sahibini sormu\u015ftu. Yan\u0131ndakiler cevap verdiler.
Recep \u00c7avu\u015fun, Pa\u015fa Hazretleri.
Mustafa Kemal bu duruma \u00fcz\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f biraz da sinirlenmi\u015fti. Emir verdi: «\u00c7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131n \u015fu Recep \u00c7avu\u015fu!» Recep \u00c7avu\u015f gelince, selam durmu\u015ftu: «Emredin, Pa\u015fam». Mustafa Kemal sorar:
Bu villa Kirkor Efendinin, bu k\u00f6\u015fk Dimitri Efendinin, \u015fu konak Salamon Efendinin, \u015fu virane de senin. Bu Ermeniler, Rumlar, Yahudiler bu binalar\u0131 edinirlerken sen neredeydin?
Recep \u00c7avu\u015f cevap verir.
Sizinle beraberdim Pa\u015fam! Trablusgarb\u2019ta, \u00c7anakkale\u2019de, Sakarya\u2019da…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ANADOLUNUN DURUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar,
Son d\u00f6nemleri s\u00fcrekli olarak sava\u015flarla dolu olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, tarih sahnesinden silindi\u011fi d\u00f6nem olarak kabul edilen 1 D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda vuku bulan Milli M\u00fccadele neticesinde kurulan gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne hi\u00e7 de i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bir ekonomik miras b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca Hicaz b\u00f6lgesine, \u015eam, Kahire gibi vilayetlere ve Balkanlara yat\u0131r\u0131m yapan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Anadolu\u2019ya bir yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi halk\u0131n elindekini, avucundakini alm\u0131\u015f, 19. yy. da Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin siyasi ve ekonomik durumu giderek k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130mparatorluk uzun s\u00fcren sava\u015flardan ve ard\u0131 ard\u0131na al\u0131nan yenilgilerden dolay\u0131 hem n\u00fcfus hem Tah\u0131l ambar\u0131 say\u0131labilecek verimli topraklar\u0131 kaybetmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, 19.yy\u2019da Emperyalist \u00fclkelere verilen tavizlerin, Balta Liman\u0131 gibi halk\u0131n \u00fcretim g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yok eden anla\u015fmalar\u0131n, Tanzimat ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar,Duyun-u umumiye ile gelen bir dizi felaketin faturas\u0131n\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin \u00fczerine y\u00fcklemi\u015fler kurulan reji idareleri halk\u0131n tohum i\u00e7in ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu\u011fday\u0131n bile d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc ambarlardan y\u00fckleyip g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar,
Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, 14 Mart 1914\u2019te n\u00fcfus istatistikleri d\u00fczenlettirmi\u015ftir. Bu istatistiklere g\u00f6re, Anadolu\u2019nun toplam n\u00fcfusu 11 milyon, Trakya\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu ise 630 bin kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(4)
\u015eevket S\u00fcreyya Aydemir ise Anadolu\u2019nun 8.5 milyon kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. (5)
I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ilk on yedi ay\u0131nda, silahalt\u0131na al\u0131nanlar\u0131n 2.532.000 ki\u015fiyi buldu\u011fu Ordu Dairesinin d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bir belgeden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.(6) Sava\u015f sonuna kadar silahalt\u0131na al\u0131nanlarla, genel seferberlik toplam\u0131n\u0131n 2.850.000 ki\u015fiye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
Unutmamak gerekir ki, sava\u015flardaki kay\u0131plar\u0131m\u0131zla T\u00fcrk toplumunun yap\u0131s\u0131 tamamen de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, toplumun 18-35 ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki erkek g\u00fcc\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gedik a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplumun \u00fcretici ve t\u00fcketici elemanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki denge bozulmu\u015f; t\u00fcketici durumundaki \u00e7ocuk ve ileri ya\u015fl\u0131lar ile g\u00fc\u00e7lerinde her alanda yararlan\u0131lmayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplam n\u00fcfusa oran\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcstelik, \u00fclkenin son d\u00f6nemlerde yeti\u015ftirebildi\u011fi en ayd\u0131n kitlesi say\u0131lan yedek subay kadrosu da geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde erimi\u015f, yok olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 8 milyon olarak kabul etmek ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Zira, ba\u015fta \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir olmak \u00fczere Anadolu yer yer i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki topraklarda bulunan T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu Ulusal Kurtulu\u015fun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapit\u00fclasyonlar ve di\u011fer imtiyazlar, \u00fclkenin iktisadi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz olarak etkileyen fakt\u00f6rlerin \u00f6nemlileri aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ithalat\u0131n olumsuz etkileri, g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n yeterince olu\u015fturulamamas\u0131, rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun yerli, \u00fcretimin d\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 korumas\u0131z olmas\u0131, kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde edindikleri servetler ve bunlar\u0131n Avrupa’ya yans\u0131mas\u0131, k\u0131tada sanayi ve ticaret alan\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc geli\u015fmelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu geli\u015fme, kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n etkisini daha da artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(7) Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayisi bu d\u00f6nemde Avrupa’da geli\u015fen modern i\u015fletme bi\u00e7imlerine ayak uyduramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Avrupa rekabeti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7aresiz kalarak \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLININ SON D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDE T\u00dcRK HALKI EVLATLARINI SAVA\u015eLARDA KAYBETM\u0130\u015e EKONOM\u0130K BAKIMDAN DA T\u00dcKENM\u0130\u015eT\u0130R, HALK HASTADIR \u00c7ARES\u0130ZD\u0130R YORGUNDUR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar,
\u00dclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan getirilecek mallara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00dclkenin a\u00e7\u0131k Pazar haline getirilmesi, bat\u0131n\u0131n makaslamas\u0131na ayak uyduramamas\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n ve yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n vergi, vs. konulardaki imtiyazlar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli sahalar\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131klar ve yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesine neden olmu\u015ftur.
Hem sermaye k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, hem de kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n yabanc\u0131lara sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klarla boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015femedikleri i\u00e7in, yerli giri\u015fimciler ya ortadan \u00e7ekilmek, ya da yabanc\u0131larla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda demiryollar\u0131, limanlar, elektrik, havagaz\u0131 ve su i\u015fletmeleri Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kurulup i\u015fletilmeye, madenler ve fabrikalar Avrupa \u015firketlerince \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu konuda \u00f6rnek olarak, Rumeli ve Ege\u2019de demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngiliz, boraks madenlerinin \u0130ngiliz, Zonguldak ve Ere\u011fli k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131n\u0131n Frans\u0131z \u015firketlerince i\u015fletilmesini verebiliriz. \u0130stanbul\u2019un elektrik, su ve tramvay gibi belediye hizmetleri ise Frans\u0131z \u015firketlerince y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler asker, \u00e7ift\u00e7i veya esnaf olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, ticaret, bankac\u0131l\u0131k sanayi i\u015fletmeleri yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mesela 1909 tarihli bir istatisti\u011fe g\u00f6re maden \u00fcretiminde T\u00fcrklerin pay\u0131 %23.3, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n pay\u0131 %5.2 iken yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n pay\u0131 %7 1.5 e ula\u015fmaktayd\u0131(8)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n, d\u0131\u015f rekabetin b\u00f6ylesine olumsuz etkisi alt\u0131nda olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu olumsuz \u015fartlara ra\u011fmen 1856 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar konusunda pek istekli olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(9) . K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi’nin a\u011f\u0131r mali y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hafifletmek i\u00e7in ilk \u00f6nemli bor\u00e7 \u0130ngiliz banka ve \u015firketlerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011fu verimsiz i\u015fler i\u00e7in al\u0131nan bu bor\u00e7lar ve bunlar\u0131n bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6denememesi beraberinde devlet i\u00e7inde devlet g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcndeki «Duyun-\u0131 Umumiye» ve «t\u00fct\u00fcn reji» sinin g\u00fcndeme gelmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. (10)
Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na girmesine kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 problemlerinin getirdi\u011fi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar etkili bir fakt\u00f6r olmu\u015ftur. 1914’te Osmanl\u0131 bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n 716 milyon dolar mertebesinde bulunmakta bunun %60.3\u2019\u00fc Frans\u0131zlara ait bulunmaktad\u0131r. Geri kalan bor\u00e7lar ise Almanya’n\u0131nd\u0131r.(11)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi kapit\u00fclasyonlardan kurtulmak istemi\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7abalara giri\u015fmi\u015f ise de, olumlu bir sonu\u00e7 alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan iki ay sonra 27 Eyl\u00fcl 1914 g\u00fcn\u00fc kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verildi. Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu giri\u015fime kar\u015f\u0131 koyan, bir ay sonra yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Almanya olmu\u015ftur. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 uman Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bu kez sava\u015f giderlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in, yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girdi\u011fi Almanya\u2019ya bor\u00e7lanmaya ve ona yeni ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131maya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(12)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aleyhine neticelenmesi b\u00fct\u00fcn tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n Cumhuriyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerince yeniden ele al\u0131nmas\u0131na vesile te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan en m\u00fchim olan\u0131 hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, yerli ticaret burjuvazisinin» meydana getirilmesi ile ilgili olan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konunun iktisadi y\u00f6n\u00fc yan\u0131nda siyasi yan\u0131 da \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan tasvip edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLININ SON D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDE T\u00dcRK HALKININ DURUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili okurlar,
Bunun nedeni, sermaye sahibi az\u0131nl\u0131klar kendi milli kimliklerinin yan\u0131nda, yabanc\u0131 bir \u015firketin temsilcisi durumunda bulunmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu \u015firket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 bile kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7tikleri i\u00e7in basit bir sanayi i\u015f\u00e7isi bile T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131ndan yeti\u015fmiyordu. Bat\u0131da rejimlerin temel dire\u011fi orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015fturan burjuvazinin vazge\u00e7ilmez olu\u015fu ittihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n klasik Osmanl\u0131 toplum yap\u0131s\u0131nda yapmak istedikleri de\u011fi\u015fiklik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Milli devlet olma \u015fartlar\u0131ndan birisi idi.(13) Bu anlay\u0131\u015f paralelinde Mart 1916 ‘da \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan bir kanunla ticari i\u015flemlerin Frans\u0131zca olan dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u2018ye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Yine ayn\u0131 y\u0131l milli sanayi giri\u015fimlerinin d\u0131\u015f rekabetten korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak maksad\u0131yla Sanayi-i Te\u015fvik kanunu haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(14)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yerli ve milli Ticaret adamlar\u0131 meydana getirme \u00e7abalar\u0131, tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Milli M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemi ise bir nevi Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminin devam\u0131 niteli\u011findedir. 1920\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrkiye yaln\u0131z geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n derin izlerini de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda ardarda gelen sava\u015flar\u0131n yaralar\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Tam anlam\u0131yla bitkin d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olan «hasta adam\u0131n bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda her an hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi s\u00f6z konusudur, Ancak T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 bu beklentiyi bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r».Yukar\u0131da da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ekonomisi durumunda olan Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisi, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck haklar\u0131, kapit\u00fclasyonuz rejimin ekonomik neticesi, Yeni T\u00fcrkiye’nin ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131’dan farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131na neden olacakt\u0131r(15)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni T\u00fcrkiye art\u0131k h\u00fcrd\u00fcr, m\u00fcstakildir. Ancak harapt\u0131r. Fakir, geri, sermayesizdir. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda belki de hepsinden \u00f6nemlisi D\u00fcnya i\u00e7eresinde yaln\u0131zd\u0131r.
Osmanl\u0131’dan intikal eden talihsiz miras\u0131n etkisiyle sermaye yoklu\u011fu, teknolojik yetersizlik g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni kazanm\u0131\u015f olan devlette h\u0131zl\u0131 bir kalk\u0131nman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in takip edilecek yollar belirgin de\u011fildir \u2022. \u0130\u015fte bu ortamda ve bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda yeni T\u00fcrkiye sahneye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Yeni T\u00fcrkiye ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131yla i\u015finin bitmedi\u011finin tam bilincindeydi(16) .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Art\u0131k yeni T\u00fcrkiye’nin y\u00f6neticileri siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temin ve muhafaza yolunda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yolunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flayabilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLIDAN T\u00dcRK\u0130YE CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130NE M\u0130RAS \u0130Z \u015eEKL\u0130NDEK\u0130 \u00c7O\u011eU KULLANILAMAYAN 3-5 METRE GEN\u0130\u015eL\u0130\u011e\u0130NDEK\u0130 \u00c7AMUR YOLLARDI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar
T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in yol, bir hasretti. 1918 bahar\u0131nda bir g\u00fcn 9. T\u00fcmen, Karada\u011f-\u00c7ardakl\u0131 bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fusundan bat\u0131s\u0131na intikal ediyordu. Bu arada Refahiye-Erzincan \u015fosesinin \u00fczerinden ve bir taraftan di\u011fer tarafa ge\u00e7ecekti. Yani arada birka\u00e7 ad\u0131m, ad\u0131na \u015fose denilen bu harap uzant\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde y\u00fcr\u00fcyecekti. Yol g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcp kenar\u0131na var\u0131l\u0131nca, b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f koluna bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yay\u0131ld\u0131. Hi\u00e7 kimse, aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fdi\u011fi bu bozuk d\u00fczen yolun \u00fcst\u00fcnden ayr\u0131lm\u0131yordu. Hele atl\u0131 subaylar\u0131n k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 da b\u0131rakarak bu yol \u00e7izgisi \u00fczerinde bir a\u015fa\u011f\u0131, bir yukar\u0131 at ko\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 hala r\u00fcya gibi hat\u0131rlar\u0131m, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar\u0131n hepsi, o da\u011fl\u0131k Do\u011fu cephesinde, mesela iki y\u0131ldan beri b\u00f6yle yol par\u00e7as\u0131 dahi g\u00f6rmemi\u015flerdi. Bu dar ve harap \u015foseye ula\u015fmak herkeste, d\u00fcnyaya ve medeniyete kavu\u015fmak gibi hisler uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.(17)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in yol kasaba veya il merkezinden ibaret k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck d\u00fcnyalar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lmay\u0131 bile ba\u015faramad\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00f6zlemdi. \u00dclkeye girecek her \u015fey, yani toprak \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin k\u0131ymetlenmesi, ticaret, sanat, mektep, fabrika, yeni bir idare ve yerle\u015fme, e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kalkmas\u0131 ve nihayet savunulmas\u0131 ancak yol olursa ba\u015far\u0131labilirdi.
K\u0131sacas\u0131, yollar\u0131m\u0131z yoktu. \u015eose denilen \u00e7izgiler, Orta \u00c7a\u011f kervan yollar\u0131ndan farks\u0131zd\u0131. Bunlar da seller, ya\u011fmurlarla her y\u0131l bozuluyordu. K\u00f6pr\u00fcler, menfezler dayan\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131.(18)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan kalan ula\u015f\u0131mda bir karayolu a\u011f\u0131r mevcut, ancak bu a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan yollar yol niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktan uzakt\u0131r. Resmi kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re yol say\u0131lan ve bir programa g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi belirtilen yollar; asl\u0131nda y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca g\u00f6\u00e7lerle, kervanlarla, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ticaretle ve Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131nlar\u0131yla kullan\u0131lagelen toprak par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n ve ge\u00e7itlerin uzun y\u0131llar kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu yola d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen araba, ka\u011fn\u0131 ve kervan izleriydi. Bu izlerden y\u0131l\u0131n her mevsimi yararlanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n kar\u0131n bast\u0131rmas\u0131yla aylarca \u00e7evre ile ili\u015fkisi kesilen iller, kasabalar ve \u00f6zellikle k\u00f6yler \u00e7o\u011funluktayd\u0131(19)
\u0130l merkezini en yak\u0131n demiryolu istasyonuna ba\u011flayan 5 metre geni\u015fli\u011findeki yollar. b) \u0130l merkezleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca kasaba ve limanlar\u0131 ba\u011flayan 4 metre geni\u015fli\u011findeki yollar. c) \u0130l i\u00e7erisindeki kasaba ve k\u00f6yler aras\u0131ndaki 3 metre geni\u015fli\u011findeki ilkel yollar. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun 48.900 kilometreyi bulan karayolu a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, Misak-\u0131 Milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 yaln\u0131zca 9711 kilometreydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun 3477 kilometresi \u0131slaha muhta\u00e7, 3283 kilometresi s\u00fcrekli bak\u0131m isteyen ve 3026 kilometresi yeniden yap\u0131m\u0131 gerektiren nitelikteydi.(20) Motorlu kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131na gelince, o y\u0131llarda karayollar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli arac\u0131 olan ve ordular\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131lan kamyonlardan s\u00f6z etmek gereksizdir. Zira 1919 May\u0131s T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde motorlu ula\u015ft\u0131rma birli\u011fi yoktur. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan arta kalan birka\u00e7 kamyon kullan\u0131lmaz haldedir. Mevcut 1000 adede yak\u0131n otomobilin, 800 adedi \u0130stanbul\u2019dad\u0131r. \u0130zmir\u2019dekilerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Anadolu illerindeki otomobil say\u0131s\u0131 100 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. (21)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehirleraras\u0131 otob\u00fcs i\u015fletmecili\u011fi, Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n Ermenilere yard\u0131m amac\u0131yla kurduklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Ermeni kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131lan yetimhanelere ta\u015f\u0131mak amac\u0131yla, ba\u015fta Kayseri-Sivas-Elaz\u0131\u011f ve Gaziantep olmak \u00fczere, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli vilayetlerine otob\u00fcs seferleri yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OKUL \u00d6\u011eRETMEN, M\u00dcHEND\u0130S, M\u0130MAR, ECZACI, D\u0130\u015e HEK\u0130M\u0130, T\u00dcCCAR, BANKACI, TEKN\u0130SYEN YOKTU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar,
Cumhuriyet kuruldu\u011funda, il\u00e7e de\u011fil bir\u00e7ok Do\u011fu ilinde, ilkokul dahil hi\u00e7 okul yoktu. \u00dclke genelindeki k\u0131rk bin k\u00f6yde, okullu olanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde be\u015f\u2019in alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. T\u00fcm \u00fclkede; ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise olarak toplam 4894 okul vard\u0131. Bu okullarda g\u00f6rev yapan \u00f6\u011fretmen say\u0131s\u0131, 1217\u2019si kad\u0131n 10 238\u2019i erkek olmak \u00fczere toplam 11 455\u2019di. \u00d6\u011fretmenlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, Osmanl\u0131dan gelen ya\u015fl\u0131, sar\u0131kl\u0131 hocalard\u0131. 1923-1924 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcm \u00fclkede 23 lise (idadi), 72 ortaokul vard\u0131, ancak bir y\u0131l sonra \u00f6\u011fretmen yoklu\u011fundan liseler 19\u2019a, ortaokullar 64\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 \u00f6\u011fretmen okulu 1924-1925 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca 151 mezun vermi\u015fti. 1924\u2019de t\u00fcm \u00fclkedeki ziraat m\u00fchendisi say\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131zca 20\u2019dir. 1920\u2019de yaln\u0131zca 260 doktor vard\u0131r.49 m\u00fchendis, mimar, eczac\u0131, di\u015f hekimi, t\u00fcccar, bankac\u0131, teknisyen ve ekonomist yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r. Ticaret, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve ula\u015f\u0131m, az\u0131nl\u0131klar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elindedir. Yabanc\u0131lar, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi terk etti\u011finde, \u201cT\u00fcrkler hu i\u015flerden anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in\u201d ticaretin, bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n duraca\u011f\u0131, \u201cT\u00fcrk makinist ve teknisyen olmamas\u0131\u201d nedeniyle de demiryolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. (22)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI ANADOLUYU ENKAZ HAL\u0130NDE BIRAKMI\u015eTI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar,
I. D\u00fcnya Harbi ertesinde, Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fu, adeta tarihten silindi. \u0130stanbul ve Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin denetiminde idi. T\u00fcrk unsurlara da, Anadolu\u2019nun i\u00e7lerinde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 iller b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
16. ve 17. yy.da Osmanl\u0131\u2019da el sanatlar\u0131, \u00e7inicilik, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k ve gemi yap\u0131m\u0131nda Bat\u0131dan geri de\u011fildi. Ancak bat\u0131da sanayi devriminin dev- reye girmesi, 18 ve 19.yy.da Bat\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ne ge\u00e7irdi.
Osmanl\u0131\u2019da, tersane, tophane, baruthane, humbarahane, top arabas\u0131, fi\u015fekhane, kur\u015funhane ve d\u00f6k\u00fcmhane gibi askeri g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc i\u015fler devlet sermayesi ile kurul- mu\u015f ve i\u015fletilmi\u015fti. \u0130pek, halat, hilat, pe\u015ftamal ve benzeri dokuma i\u015flerini \u00f6zel birimler, ahilik veya lonca sistemi i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loncalar bir bak\u0131ma yar\u0131 resmi kurumlard\u0131, devlet, loncalar yoluyla fiyat ve kalite denetimini sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.
\u00dcyeleri aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fma sa\u011flayan loncalar, devletle ili\u015fkilerin d\u00fczenlenmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.Bat\u0131 sermayesinin devreye girmesinden sonra, onlarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 yeni sanayi dallan kurulmu\u015ftu.K\u00f6m\u00fcr ve tersane i\u015fleri, maden \u00e7\u0131kan\u0131n\u0131, hal\u0131 dokumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere hatta harp sanayi, k\u0131smen, bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi veya kontrol\u00fcnde kurulan sanayi dallar\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde, verilen imtiyazlar, ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar ve kontrol mekanizmalar\u0131 yoluyla Bat\u0131 i\u00e7in bulunmaz bir pazar durumuna gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OSMANLI DA SANAYILE\u015eME \u00c7OK AZDI \u00dcSTEL\u0130K % 85’\u0130 YABANCILARA A\u0130TT\u0130. OSMANLIYA KALAN %15’L\u0130K KISMI \u0130SE GENEL DE T\u00dcRKLERE AIT DE\u011eILDIR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sevgili Okurlar,
Osmanl\u0131\u2019da 1913 ve 1915\u2019te bir sanayi say\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu say\u0131m ,Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki t\u00fcm sanayi i\u015fyerlerini ve di\u011fer illerdeki 10\u2019un \u00fczerinde i\u015fyeri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fletmeleri kapsad\u0131. (23)
Sermaye\u2019de T\u00fcrklerin y\u00fczde 15\u2019lik bir pay\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu i\u015fyerlerinin y\u00fczde 8\u2019i \u00f6zel ki\u015filerin, y\u00fczde 10,6\u2019si anonim \u015firketlerin ve y\u00fczde 9.6\u2019s\u0131 devletindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu i\u015fletmelerin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 94\u2019\u00fc \u00e7evirici g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131yor. Kullan\u0131lan ortalama \u00e7evirici g\u00fc\u00e7 85 beygirdir. Bu ortalama, olduk\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor. \u0130\u015fte bu yok denecek d\u00fczeyindeki Osmanl\u0131 sanayisi, I. D\u00fcnya Harbi badiresini, arkas\u0131ndan Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fyerlerinde sermayenin ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131dan \u00e7o\u011fu Rumlara aitken bunlar\u0131n Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ertesinde \u00f6nemli bir kesiminin \u00fclkeyi terk etmesi, Cumhuriyet \u00f6ncesindeki ekonominin durumu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun devlete ait fabrikalar\u0131ndan Cumhuriyete devredileni ancak 4 adettir. Cumhuriyet, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan, geri kalm\u0131\u015f, yanm\u0131\u015f ve y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir tar\u0131m ekonomisi devrald\u0131.Daha \u00f6nce de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi, Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisi ve maliyesi tamamen yabana \u00fclkelerin kon- trol\u00fcnde bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, harp sanayi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki sekt\u00f6rler daha da gerilemek zorunda kald\u0131.Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n denetimindeki ekonomide, hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve dokumac\u0131l\u0131k bile yok olmaya y\u00fcz tutmu\u015f ve kalanlar da yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin elindeydi.1923\u2019te milli denilebilecek birka\u00e7 fabrika vard\u0131. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sanayiden s\u00f6z edilmezdi. D\u0131\u015f ticaret genelde ve i\u00e7 ticaret ise b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elindeydi.(24)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 ticaret ve ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015fmemi\u015f olan \u00fclkede sahillerde kurulmu\u015f olan b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde yiyecek ve i\u00e7ece\u011fin bile \u00f6nemli bir kesimi ithal edili- yordu. D\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131k veriyordu. Duyun-u Umumiye, yeni y\u00f6netime 86 milyon alt\u0131n lira bor\u00e7 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.Var olan demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Almanlar\u0131n elindeydi. Deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yetersizdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkenin \u00fcretimi bu g\u00fcn bir il\u00e7emizde yap\u0131lan \u00fcretimin yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar bile de\u011fildi. bu \u00fcretim de T\u00fcrkler i\u015fveren de\u011fil adeta bedava \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan durumundayd\u0131. N\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 75\u2019i tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Tar\u0131msal teknoloji ilkel ve kapal\u0131 ekonomi nedeniyle tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnleri pazarlama imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda milli gelir i\u00e7inde sanayinin pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 13,2, imalat sanayinin pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 12.3 idi. 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na milli gelir 75 TL; 45 dolar dolaylar\u0131nda bulunuyordu. Atat\u00fcrk Atat\u00fcrk i\u015fte bu ko\u015fullarda, daha Cumhuriyet\u2019i kurmadan \u0130zmir\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye iktisat Kongresi\u2019ni toplad\u0131. (25)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fte Bu ko\u015fullarda \u0130zmir’de d\u00fczenlenen \u0130ktisat Kongresi vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Lozan\u2019da istenilen imtiyazlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 ve muhte\u015fem bir dreni\u015fle hi\u00e7 bir imtiyaz vermeden Lozan anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lord Curzon\u2019nun Lozan\u2019da \u201cSiz yoksul bir \u00fclkesiniz yak\u0131nda gelip bor\u00e7 isteyeceksiniz\u201d diyerek g\u00fcvendi\u011fi yoksulluk b\u00f6yle bir yoksulluktu. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti H\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu yoksullu\u011fa ve h\u0131zla kalk\u0131nma iste\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019dan, Curzon\u2019nun, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlamda hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey istemedi. 1938\u2019e dek, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k do\u011furacak hi\u00e7bir ili\u015fkiye girilmedi. Ancak 11 Kas\u0131m 1938 tarihinden bu g\u00fcne \u00f6zellikle 1945\u2019den sonra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi y\u00f6netenler, \u00fclkeyi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m Emperyalizmin uydusu haline getirdiler. Son 25 y\u0131lda emsali g\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmalar,h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ve yolsuzluklarla Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin son d\u00f6nemine do\u011fru h\u0131zla yol ald\u0131k..\u00dcretim bitti, Elde avu\u00e7ta bir \u015fey kalmad\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar geldi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131za dayand\u0131.
Anlatmaya devam edece\u011fiz. Bizi takibe devam ediniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm de\u011ferli arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za Sevgi ve Sayg\u0131lar sunar, mutlu, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fczel g\u00fcnler dilerim.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

29 A\u011fustos 2020 Saat 03.55<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

TANER \u00dcNAL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/em>
1-Mahmut Esat Bozkurt Atat\u00fcrk ihtilali Birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonu, sf. 228, Ayr\u0131ca Prof.Dr. Hikmet Tanyu, Atat\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrk Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi, Orkun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1961, s. 22-23 de bu konuyu ele al\u0131yor.
2- Atat\u00fcrk ihtilali Sf. 413,414,415
3- Atat\u00fcrk htilali Sf. 445-447
4- Sabahattin Selek, \u201cAnadolu \u0130htilali\u201d, c. I, s. 60-61
5- \u015eevket S\u00fcreyya Aydemir, \u201cEnver Pa\u015fa\u201d, c. III, s. 91
6- T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, Kaz\u0131m Orbay Ar\u015fivi Akt Ersal Yavi, Bat\u0131r\u0131lan Bir \u00dclke Nas\u0131l Kurtar\u0131l\u0131r, G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sine K\u0131ssadan Hisseler, 2. Kitap (1919-1950), S. 55
7-\u00d6mer Celal Sara\u00e7 «Tanzimat ve Sanayimiz», Tanzimat \u0130stanbul-1940, 5.423-440
8-DIL T\u00fcrkiye’de Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Geli\u015fmenin 50. Y\u0131l\u0131 Ank.- 1973, s.34.
9- D\u0130E, s.16.
10-\u0130.Hakk\u0131 Yeniay, Osmanl\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar\u0131 Tarihi. Ankara 1936. s 64-67
11-.Do\u00e7.Dr.\u0130.Ceyhan Ko\u00e7 \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi’nin T\u00fcrk Ekonomisinin olu\u015fumuna etkileri s.146\u00a0http:\/\/e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr\/\u2026\/viewFile\/1025001009\/102500100<\/a>
12-Alptekin M\u00fcderriso\u011flu, \u201cKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Mali Kaynaklar\u0131 1990 bask\u0131s\u0131 Akt Ersal Yavi, S. 57
13-Feroz Ahmet \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ktan Kemalizm’e \u00e7ev. Fatmag\u00fcl Berktay. \u0130stanbul 1985. 5.38-41.
14-\u0130.H\u00fcsrev Tokin. iktisadive i\u00e7timai T\u00fcrkiye-rakamlarla cilt III.T\u00fcrkiye’de San.Ank.1946.s.9.
15-\u015eevket S\u00fcreyya Aydemir. Tek Adam, III. Cilt, 9. Bask\u0131, \u0130st.-1985, s.342.
16-Y\u00fcksel \u00dclken. Atat\u00fcrk ve iktisat, Ank,-1984, 5.81.Akt Yrd.Do\u00e7.Dr.\u0130.Ceyhan Ko\u00e7 s.147
17-Ersal Yavi, S. 58
18-\u015eevket S\u00fcreyya Aydemir \u201cEnver Pa\u015fa\u201d, s. 271-278)
19-Tevfik \u00c7avdar, \u201cMilli M\u00fccadele Ba\u015flarken Say\u0131larla Vaziyet ve Manzara-i Umumiye\u201d, s. 82
20- Ersal Yavi, S. 58
21- Tevfik \u00c7avdar, s. 84
22- Metin Aydo\u011fan, Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan K\u00fcreselle\u015fmeye Y\u00f6netim Gelenekleri ve T\u00fcrkler II, s.1055, Umay Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2004
23-DlE, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Geli\u015fmenin 50 y\u0131l\u0131 s. 142
24- Prof. Dr. H\u00fcsn\u00fc Erkan Cumhuriyetin Kurulu\u015flundan Bug\u00fcne T\u00fcrk Ekonomisinde Temel D\u00f6n\u00fcfl\u00fcmler-Cumhuriyet \u00d6ncesi ve Sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ekonomisi
25- Prof. Dr. H\u00fcsn\u00fc Cumhuriyet \u00d6ncesi ve Sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ekonomisi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00dcRK D\u00dc\u015eMANI, \u00dcMMET\u00c7\u0130, DEV\u015e\u0130RME, OSMANLICI Z\u0130N\u0130YET\u0130N, \u00d6VE \u00d6VE B\u0130T\u0130REMED\u0130KLER\u0130 OSMANLI\u2019DAN, CUMHURIYETE DEV\u0130R ED\u0130LEN M\u0130RAS NEYD\u0130ADALET BAKANI PROF.DR. MAHMUT ESAT BOZKURT NEDEN «T\u00dcRK\u2019\u00dcN EN K\u00d6T\u00dcS\u00dc,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14305,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turkish"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14301","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=14301"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14301\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14307,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14301\/revisions\/14307"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=14301"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=14301"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=14301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}