{"id":28657,"date":"2021-02-04T01:21:17","date_gmt":"2021-02-03T21:21:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=28657"},"modified":"2021-02-04T01:37:38","modified_gmt":"2021-02-03T21:37:38","slug":"ogurlar-v%c9%99-oguzlar-qardasdilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=28657","title":{"rendered":"O\u011furlar v\u0259 O\u011fuzlar qarda\u015fd\u0131lar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

O\u011furla O\u011fuz qarda\u015fd\u0131lar. Y\u0259qin ki, erk\u0259n (e.\u0259. 3-c\u00fc \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r) (\u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u00bb) onlar\u0131n dilind\u0259 b\u0259zi fonetik d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir. \u018fn t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fc f\u0259rq — O\u011fur l\u0259hc\u0259sind\u0259ki -Z s\u0259si, t\u00fcrk dilind\u0259 — R s\u0259si il\u0259 yerd\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259sidir. \u018fslind\u0259, «O\u011fuz» birba\u015fa «t\u00fcrk c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259ri» dem\u0259kdir, \u00e7\u00fcnki bu c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rin adlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 f\u0259rq diqq\u0259ti c\u0259lb edir, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 qalanlar -Z s\u0259sind\u0259n istifad\u0259 etdi, dig\u0259rl\u0259ri is\u0259 onlardan ayr\u0131ld\u0131qdan sonra — R s\u0259sin\u0259 ke\u00e7dil\u0259r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O\u011fur tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n ittifaqlar\u0131 5 O\u011fuz, 6 O\u011fuz, 9 O\u011fuz, 10 O\u011fuz v\u0259 30 O\u011fuzdan ibar\u0259tdir. \u015e\u0259rq t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri d\u0259 birlikl\u0259rinin say\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259n birlikl\u0259r\u0259 sahib idil\u0259r. O\u011fur l\u0259hc\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u015fqa bir f\u0259rq is\u0259 — Y s\u0259sinin — D il\u0259 \u0259v\u0259zl\u0259nm\u0259sidir (m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n: yilan-dilom v\u0259 s.). Q\u0259dim yunan co\u011frafya\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 Ptolemeyin verdiyi bilgil\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, (160-170-ci ill\u0259r) Ural \u00e7ay\u0131na (18-ci \u0259srin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ruslar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ad\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdiril\u0259r\u0259k Yaik ad\u0131 verilmi\u015fdir), X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizin\u0259 Daix (aix) kimi axan, Bolqarlar\u0131n \u0259cdadlar\u0131n\u0131n e.\u0259. 2 \u0259sr\u0259d\u0259k Q\u0259rbi Sibird\u0259 — Volqa \u00e7ay\u0131na uzanan \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131blar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimak q\u0259bil\u0259sind\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xan ba\u015fqa bir tayfa, az sayda v\u0259 yay\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olan bayand\u0131rlar idi. Onlar sad\u0259c\u0259 O\u011fuz xalq\u0131na aid idil\u0259r. Daha sonra 15-ci \u0259srd\u0259 Bayundur A\u011fqoyunlu kimi \u015e\u0259rqi Anadolu v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t quracaqd\u0131lar. Bayandur q\u0259bil\u0259sinin O\u011fuzun bir hiss\u0259si oldu\u011fu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f «D\u0259d\u0259 Qorqud» kitab\u0131nda bildirilir ki, bayandurlar xanl\u0131q s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 olan bel\u0259 bir t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131 q\u0259bul etmi\u015fdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, Kimak \u00f6lk\u0259si \u015f\u0259rqi Sibird\u0259 geni\u015f \u0259razil\u0259ri \u0259hat\u0259 edirdi. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u0259sas m\u0259rk\u0259zi olan Kimak, \u0130rt\u0131\u015f\u0131n sahilind\u0259 idi. S\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri \u0130ttifaq xalqlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259si il\u0259 geni\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015fdi. B\u0259zi m\u00fcs\u0259lman co\u011frafiya\u015f\u00fcnaslar\u0131n qeydl\u0259rind\u0259 t\u00fcrkl\u0259rin \u00f6lk\u0259sinin s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumatlar tapar\u0131q. Co\u011frafiya\u015f\u00fcnas M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d \u0259l-M\u00fcqadd\u0259si, 10-cu \u0259srd\u0259, s\u0259rh\u0259ddin S\u0131rd\u0259rya h\u00f6vz\u0259sind\u0259 Sabran v\u0259 \u015ea\u011fl\u0131can k\u0259ndl\u0259rin\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015fdi. Bunlardan Sabran k\u0259ndi O\u011fuz v\u0259 Kimak s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rini m\u00fchafiz\u0259 ed\u0259n bir k\u0259nddir. \u015ea\u011f\u0131lcan, Kimak s\u0259rh\u0259dind\u0259 divarlarla \u0259hat\u0259 olunmu\u015f b\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259 z\u0259ngin bir q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259dir. \u0130bn — H\u00f6vq\u0259l hesab edir ki, q\u0259rbd\u0259 s\u0259rh\u0259d Ak — \u0130til \u00e7ay\u0131 m\u0259nb\u0259yin\u0259d\u0259k uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kimak \u00f6lk\u0259sinin \u00fc\u00e7 rayonundan biri olan, «K\u0131rk\u0131zxan» adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, q\u0131r\u011f\u0131z tayfas\u0131n\u0131n Kimakiy\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259sin\u0259 qat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayd\u0131n olur. O\u011fuzun yan\u0131nda ya\u015fayan v\u0259 daha sonra Q\u0131p\u00e7aqlarla birl\u0259\u015f\u0259n Kangl\u0131 q\u0259bil\u0259si d\u0259 O\u011fuzlarla m\u00fctt\u0259fiq idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimak T\u00fcrkc\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Dilin qal\u0131qlar\u0131na diqq\u0259t yetirs\u0259niz, Kimak \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259 iki dialektin istifad\u0259 edildiyini g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u0259halisinin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti O\u011fuz qon\u015fular\u0131 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 ana t\u00fcrk dilini (t\u00fcrk dilind\u0259 -Y) istifad\u0259 etmi\u015fdi. \u00c7ox \u015fimal-q\u0259rbd\u0259 ya\u015fayan Q\u0131p\u00e7aqlar v\u0259 \u0130mekl\u0259rin bir hiss\u0259si Bulqar t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar (T\u00fcrk dilind\u0259 istifad\u0259- C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimak \u0259razisinin s\u0259rt q\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck heyvan s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259rini saxlamaq \u00e7\u0259tin idi. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, O\u011fuzlar il\u0259 raz\u0131la\u015fd\u0131qlar\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259, heyvanlar\u0131 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 onlar\u0131n yan\u0131na g\u0259lirdil\u0259r. Kimaklar, atlar\u0131n q\u0131\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn O\u011fuz \u00f6lk\u0259si yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ak-Tag (ok-taq) adlanan yer\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259rdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0259lumdur ki, m\u00fcs\u0259lman tacirl\u0259r O\u011fuzlar, Kimaklar v\u0259 Q\u0131r\u011f\u0131zlar kimi \u0259sas ticar\u0259t mar\u015frutlar\u0131ndan uzaqda ya\u015fayan b\u0259zi t\u00fcrk tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi \u0259razil\u0259r\u0259 g\u0259lib \u00e7\u0131x\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosial-siyasi t\u0259\u015fkilat<\/strong>

Ail\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 ya soylar birl\u0259\u015f\u0259r\u0259k, B\u0259y t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 olunan bir q\u0259bil\u0259 meydana g\u0259tirirdi (baq, beq, bi), onun \u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259si, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131 saxlamaq, h\u00fcquq v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259t\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t t\u0259min etm\u0259k, q\u0259yyumlar\u0131 qorumaq, h\u0259rbi g\u00fccd\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn q\u0259rar verm\u0259kd\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259r bir tayfa h\u0259rbi q\u00fcvv\u0259y\u0259 malik bir siyasi qurulu\u015f idi. Onun \u0259mlak\u0131 v\u0259 s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015fqalar\u0131ndan f\u0259rql\u0259nirdi (24 O\u011fuz tayfas\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259r birinin \u00f6z dam\u011fas\u0131 idi).

\u00d6z\u0259l m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t insan h\u00fcquq v\u0259 azadl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259minat\u0131d\u0131r. 10-cu \u0259srd\u0259 Bulqarlar, h\u0259tta h\u00f6kmdara \u00f6z sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 istehsal olunan m\u0259hsullardan bir \u015fey verm\u0259y\u0259 bil\u0259rdi. X\u0259z\u0259r Ka\u011fan\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259yanlar\u0131 t\u0259b\u0259\u0259l\u0259rin m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmazd\u0131lar. O\u011fuz B\u0259yl\u0259ri xan\u0131n b\u0259zi h\u0259ddini a\u015fan h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u0259sl\u0259rini qald\u0131rard\u0131lar.

Atilla d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Avropal\u0131 Hun imparatorlu\u011funun paytaxt\u0131nda olmu\u015f bir Bizansl\u0131, yaz\u0131rd\u0131 ki, h\u0259r bir insan\u0131n t\u0259zyiq alt\u0131nda qald\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 qanunlar\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259diyi Bizansiyadan f\u0259rqli olaraq, Hun imperiyas\u0131nda insan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc azad hiss edir v\u0259 qorxmadan ya\u015fay\u0131r. \u00c7inli k\u00f6l\u0259l\u0259r azadl\u0131q \u00f6lk\u0259sin\u0259, Asiyal\u0131 Hunlar\u0131n imperiyas\u0131na qa\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131lar. Rus qullar\u0131 eyni \u015feyi edirdil\u0259r. Azadl\u0131q dal\u0131nca hun torpa\u011f\u0131na qa\u00e7araq — k\u0259narda T\u00fcrkl\u0259r\u0259 s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131b ya\u015fayard\u0131lar.
«Xaqan, onun ail\u0259si, q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259ri Birliyi, B\u0259yl\u0259r, Tarkan, Buyruq b\u0259yl\u0259ri, Tokuz-O\u011fuz b\u0259yl\u0259ri…» yaz\u0131dak\u0131 qeydl\u0259r bir sinfi ierarxiya deyil, d\u00f6vl\u0259td\u0259n h\u00f6kum\u0259t\u0259d\u0259k idar\u0259 olunan birba\u015fa siyah\u0131d\u0131r.

Attila, n\u0259zar\u0259ti alt\u0131nda d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin Uralad\u0259k olan geni\u015f \u0259razisini o\u011flu \u0130lek\u0259 verdi. 630-cu ild\u0259n G\u00f6y T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin \u00f6lk\u0259si olan G\u00f6k-T\u00fcrk \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259rb qanad\u0131 A\u015fina ail\u0259sind\u0259n bir \u015fahzad\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n idar\u0259 olunurdu. Qarluq Yabqusu da A\u015fina s\u00fclal\u0259sin\u0259 qat\u0131ld\u0131. Uy\u011furlar\u0131n, Tugi\u015fl\u0259r, O\u011fuz-Yabgu d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri kimi nisb\u0259t\u0259n ki\u00e7ik siyasi birlikl\u0259r, \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259siz ki, ox\u015far \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 idar\u0259 olunurdu. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Uy\u011fur Xan\u0131 Moen\u00e7ur, h\u0259l\u0259 O\u011fuzun ba\u015f\u0131ndak\u0131 Tegin say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6y\u00fck T\u00fcrk imperiyalar\u0131nda, diplomatik \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259n xarici i\u015fl\u0259r idar\u0259si \u0259n m\u00fch\u00fcm orqanlardan biri idi. Asiya Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130mperatorlu\u011funun m\u0259rk\u0259zind\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif dill\u0259rd\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan v\u0259 yazan \u00e7ox sayda qruplar var idi. Q\u0259rbi H\u00fcn \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n paytaxt\u0131nda da f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n katibl\u0259r, t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r, kuryerl\u0259r m\u00f6vcud idi. Tab\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n xarici siyas\u0259tin\u0259 dair M\u0259clis q\u0259rarlar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131na cavabdeh olanlar «bita\u00e7inl\u0259r» adlan\u0131rd\u0131. O\u011fuzlarda is\u0259 bunlara Tu\u011frac deyilirdi. G\u00f6y-T\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259, Tur\u011fi\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 Uy\u011furlarda — bu ad «bit\u0259k\u00e7il\u0259r, tam\u011fa\u00e7\u0131lar» olmu\u015fdur. Tanxu v\u0259 ya ka\u011fan\u0131n r\u0259smi m\u00f6h\u00fcr\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131 f\u0259rmanlara vurulurdu. S\u0259firl\u0259r casusluq etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flayana q\u0259d\u0259r toxunulmazl\u0131\u011fa malik idil\u0259r.
24 O\u011fuz tayfas\u0131n\u0131n «C\u0259mi at-Tevarix» (814-ci il) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda R\u0259\u015fid \u0259d Din, d\u00f6rd q\u0259bil\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir qu\u015f «onqon» («ong» s\u00f6z\u00fc «u\u011fur» dem\u0259kdir, buradan da totemin mahiyy\u0259ti a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r) se\u00e7ildiyini yaz\u0131b.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


O\u011fuzlar\u0131n «Ongon» adlanan qu\u015f ad\u0131na O\u011fuzlarda rastlanm\u0131r.

Qanunlar v\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259r<\/strong>

T\u00f6r\u0259 — icbari ad\u0259tl\u0259rin v\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rin toplusudur. Orxon-Yenisey qeydl\u0259rind\u0259 deyilir ki, T\u00f6r\u0259 olmadan, d\u00f6vl\u0259t olmaz. «Divan-Luqati-T\u00fcrk» kitab\u0131nda t\u00f6r\u0259 s\u00f6z\u00fc, evd\u0259ki \u0259n vacib yer, divan il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 edilir; bu s\u00f6z \u0259sas\u0259n ad\u0259t, \u0259n\u0259n\u0259 kimi i\u015fl\u0259dilir. G\u00f6yalp «t\u00f6r\u0259» v\u0259 «t\u00fcrk» s\u00f6zl\u0259rinin eyni k\u00f6k\u0259 malik oldu\u011funu bildirir. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 «T\u00fcrk» s\u00f6z\u00fc, «t\u00f6r\u0259y\u0259 \u0259m\u0259l ed\u0259n» dem\u0259kdir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bozk\u0131rlarda min ild\u0259n art\u0131qd\u0131r ki, bir T\u00f6r\u0259 q\u00fcvv\u0259d\u0259dir. S\u0259lcuqlular v\u0259 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n atalar\u0131ndan g\u0259l\u0259n \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259ri «O\u011fuz t\u00f6r\u0259si» adland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131lar. Ancaq t\u00f6r\u0259 yaln\u0131z O\u011fuzun \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259t deyildi. O, b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131na aiddir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>Hunlar, G\u00f6y-T\u00fcrkl\u0259r, X\u0259z\u0259rl\u0259r, O\u011fuzlar v\u0259 Bulqarlar tarixi s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, dig\u0259r t\u00fcrk xalqlar\u0131, uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t sa\u00e7l\u0131 idil\u0259r v\u0259 h\u00f6rm\u0259t \u0259lam\u0259ti olaraq papaqlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xarard\u0131lar.

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/strong>

Nadir hallarda t\u00fcrkl\u0259r qala divarlar\u0131 tikmi\u015fl\u0259r. m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, e.\u0259. 36-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00c7inlil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n m\u0259hv edil\u0259n \u00c7i\u00e7i Hun tanxusunun paytaxt\u0131 idi. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, Asiya Hunlar\u0131 Kansu b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 Gu-Tsang \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini tikdil\u0259r. \u0130til \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00f6rd qap\u0131s\u0131 olan bir divar var idi. Ancaq t\u00fcrkl\u0259r, bir qayda olaraq, \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri divarlarla \u0259hat\u0259 etm\u0259k ist\u0259mirdil\u0259r (Tonyukuk s\u00f6zl\u0259ri), \u00e7\u00fcnki bu onlar\u0131n h\u0259yat t\u0259rzin\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lmirdi. Onlar d\u00fcnyaya h\u00f6km etdikl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 arxay\u0131n idil\u0259r.

G\u00f6y-T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin yuxar\u0131da n\u00fcmun\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri «oturaq» h\u0259yat\u0131 t\u0259qlid etm\u0259k arzusunun n\u0259tic\u0259si idi. \u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259 geni\u015f bir \u0259kin\u00e7ilik v\u0259 bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n k\u0259nd sal\u0131nmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu x\u00fcsusil\u0259, Pe\u00e7enekl\u0259r\u0259, O\u011fuzlara, X\u0259z\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 Volqa Bulqalar\u0131na aid olan bir x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tdir. T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin, yuxar\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259rildiyi kimi, qala \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri var idi.10-cu \u0259srd\u0259 in\u015fa edilmi\u015f O\u011fuz \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259ri, Karacuk, Sutk\u0259nd, Altun-t\u0259p\u0259, Savran, Sayram, Qarnak, K\u00fcrkul-t\u0259p\u0259, Cent, Su\u011fnak, Isxan, \u00c7ardar\u0131, Bay\u0131rkum v\u0259 s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

751-ci ild\u0259 Talas m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259 Qarluqlar\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlar\u0131n q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259si, n\u0259hay\u0259t \u00c7inin Q\u0259rbi Asiyaya olan mara\u011f\u0131n\u0131 darmada\u011f\u0131n etdi. Uy\u011furlar\u0131n, Qarluq, O\u011fuz \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 \u0259yal\u0259tl\u0259rinin daxili v\u0259 q\u0259rbi Asiyada t\u0259r\u0259qqi d\u00f6vr\u00fc g\u0259ldi. Hunlar d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259n m\u00fcst\u0259qillik v\u0259 1-ci G\u00f6k-T\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259 m\u0259xsus \u0259razil\u0259rd\u0259, IX \u0259srin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkistanda Uy\u011furlar\u0131n, Q\u0259rb T\u00fcrkistanda T\u00fcrki\u015fl\u0259rin v\u0259 x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 qarluqlar\u0131n siyasi d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u0259ld\u0259 edildi. Q\u0259rbd\u0259 X\u0259z\u0259r xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fch\u00fcm bir d\u00f6vl\u0259t idi.

O\u011fuz t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri eyni zamanda, h\u0259m d\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131 \u0259kin\u00e7il\u0259r idil\u0259r. Bunlar\u0131n bu x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti \u015e\u0259rqi T\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259n (Hunlar, G\u00f6y-T\u00fcrk, Uy\u011furlar, O\u011fuzlar) onlar\u0131 f\u0259rql\u0259ndir\u0259n \u0259sas x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ridir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, b\u0259zi \u015e\u0259rq t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin d\u0259 bu sah\u0259d\u0259 \u0259lveri\u015fli sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259kin\u00e7ilikl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmalar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259ri s\u0259hra \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259rind\u0259n f\u0259rql\u0259ndirilm\u0259lidir. Onlar\u0131n \u0259razisi dem\u0259k olar ki, tamamil\u0259 otla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr, lakin \u0259kin\u00e7ilik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259lveri\u015fli sah\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 var. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u00c7in m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Hunlar bu\u011fda v\u0259 dar\u0131 \u0259kirdil\u0259r. \u00c7in illik hesabatlar\u0131n\u0131n birind\u0259, Hunlar\u0131n, havalar\u0131n h\u0259ddind\u0259n art\u0131q soyuq olmas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259, bir il m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131n az oldu\u011fu ifad\u0259 edilir. Eyni qaynaqlar m\u00fcxt\u0259lif Hun bu\u011fdas\u0131 v\u0259 Hun noxudu haqq\u0131nda x\u0259b\u0259r verirl\u0259r. Arxeoloji qaz\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259, Altay da\u011flar\u0131nda tax\u0131l bitkil\u0259rinin bec\u0259rilm\u0259si \u0259n az\u0131ndan e.\u0259. III minillikd\u0259n etibar\u0259n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si t\u0259sdiqini tap\u0131b. G\u00f6yt\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259 h\u0259r bir ail\u0259nin suvar\u0131lan \u0259kin sah\u0259si var idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n


Hun d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Altayda yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f suvarma kanallar\u0131 (\u00c7ul\u0131\u015fman \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ba\u015fqavuzda) a\u015fkar edilmi\u015fdir. Toto \u00e7ay\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131xan bir kanal, Ak-Tur Kanal\u0131, Altayda \u0259kin\u00e7ilik \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259ri say\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130volqa v\u0259 Ilmovo, Selenga v\u0259 Baykal g\u00f6l\u00fc aras\u0131nda, \u00c7ind\u0259n g\u0259tirilmi\u015f d\u0259mirk\u0259kli ucluqlar, t\u0131rt\u0131llar, d\u0259yirmanlar v\u0259 s. tap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. G\u00f6y-T\u00fcrkl\u0259r\u0259 m\u0259xsus Selenqa b\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 kurqanlarda x\u0131\u015f uclu\u011fu v\u0259 k\u00fcr\u0259kl\u0259r tap\u0131l\u0131b. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 bir \u00e7ox kanallar qaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Toto Kanal\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu, \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131qlar\u0131 kimi istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n, t\u0259xmin\u0259n 10 kilometr uzanan kanaldan G\u00f6k-Turkl\u0259r istifad\u0259 edirdil\u0259r. 1935-ci ild\u0259 ruslar onu istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k q\u0259rar\u0131na g\u0259ldikl\u0259ri zaman texniki hesabat bax\u0131mdan m\u00fcasir d\u00f6vr\u0259 uy\u011fun tikildiyini g\u00f6rd\u00fcl\u0259r. Qarluq v\u0259 O\u011fuzlar\u0131n b\u0259zi ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 eyni \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 suvar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.

D\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin iqtisadiyyat\u0131 yaln\u0131z z\u0259bt olunmu\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n verdiyi vergil\u0259rl\u0259 deyil, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00f6z xalqlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan vergil\u0259rl\u0259 d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nmi\u015fdir. Asiya Hunlar\u0131n\u0131n imperiyas\u0131nda vergil\u0259r x\u00fcsusi i\u015f\u00e7il\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n topland\u0131. K\u00f6y-T\u00fcrkl\u0259r v\u0259 O\u011fuzlar vergi m\u0259murlar\u0131n\u0131 Amqa (v\u0259 ya \u0130mqa) v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t x\u0259zin\u0259si Agl\u0131k adland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u00d6d\u0259m\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n m\u0259hsullar v\u0259 mallarla \u00f6d\u0259nilirdi.
X\u0259z\u0259rl\u0259r h\u0259r slavyandan bir q\u0131l\u0131nc v\u0259 ya ail\u0259d\u0259n bir d\u0259ri (nadir hallarda pul) g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r.

M\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat<\/strong>

Q\u0259dim T\u00fcrk dastanlar\u0131ndan biri m\u0259\u015fhur q\u0259hr\u0259man «Alp \u018fr Tunqa» dastan\u0131 idi. \u018ffrasiab ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u015fair Firdovsinin (XI \u0259sr) \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 xat\u0131rlanan Alp \u018fr Tunqa, h\u0259r bir T\u00fcrk\u00fcn xatir\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259srl\u0259r boyu ya\u015fad\u0131. Onun xatir\u0259sini anmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn «yu\u011f» m\u0259clisl\u0259ri ke\u00e7irildi, hakim t\u00fcrk ail\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n (Qaraxanlar, Uygurlar, S\u0259lcuqlar) \u00f6zl\u0259rinin soyunu onun ad\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011flad\u0131. T\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin h\u0259yat\u0131ndan b\u0259hs ed\u0259n bir ba\u015fqa dastan, Manas adl\u0131 — «Alper d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn tipik bir q\u0259hr\u0259man\u0131» haqq\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc T\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin t\u0259sviri, onlar\u0131n t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, ictimai qurulu\u015fu, i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 olan \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 ad\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyatda vacib yeri tutan q\u0259dim O\u011fuz \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n bir hiss\u0259si hesab olunan «D\u0259d\u0259 Qorqud» kitab\u0131d\u0131r.

Din<\/strong>

T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin Allah haqq\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259, maddi s\u0259mada b\u00f6y\u00fck bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmas\u0131 diqq\u0259t \u00e7\u0259kir. Orxon yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda bir c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259 t\u00fcrk kosmogonyas\u0131: «Uze kek-tangri asra yagyz yir k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131kta ikin ara ki\u015fi oglu kylymymysh» (\u00dcstd\u0259 g\u00f6y\u00fc v\u0259 altda Yer \u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc yaratd\u0131qda bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda insan yarad\u0131l\u0131b) kimi ifad\u0259 il\u0259 xat\u0131rlan\u0131r. Burada qeyd olunan «G\u00f6k-Tanqr\u0131» G\u00f6y Allah\u0131 dem\u0259kdir. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkl\u0259r d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259, Yer \u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n, yer \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259 olan h\u0259r \u015feyi g\u00f6r\u0259n G\u00f6y, \u00e7\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 Allah idi.

10-cu \u0259srd\u0259 O\u011fuz aras\u0131nda m\u00f6vcud olan inanc sistemi, m\u0259hz bu inanca ox\u015far g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u0130bn Fadlan\u0131n s\u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, O\u011fuz \u0259dal\u0259tsiz bir r\u0259ftara v\u0259 ya narahatl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u00e7ar olduqda, g\u00f6y\u0259 bax\u0131b «Bir Tengri» dey\u0259rdil\u0259r. \u018fsas\u0259n, t\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259 antropomorfizm inanc\u0131 m\u00f6vcud deyildi.(www.turkicworld.org)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O\u011furla O\u011fuz qarda\u015fd\u0131lar. Y\u0259qin ki, erk\u0259n (e.\u0259. 3-c\u00fc \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r) (\u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u00bb) onlar\u0131n dilind\u0259 b\u0259zi fonetik d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir. \u018fn t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fc f\u0259rq — O\u011fur<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":28661,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarix"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28657","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=28657"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28663,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28657\/revisions\/28663"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/28661"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=28657"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=28657"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=28657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}