{"id":35568,"date":"2021-04-21T13:31:36","date_gmt":"2021-04-21T09:31:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=35568"},"modified":"2021-04-21T13:31:39","modified_gmt":"2021-04-21T09:31:39","slug":"sac-hor%c9%99n-turk-tayfasi-avarlarin-avropadaki-250-illik-hokmranligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=35568","title":{"rendered":"Sa\u00e7 h\u00f6r\u0259n t\u00fcrk tayfas\u0131 — Avarlar\u0131n Avropadak\u0131 250 illik h\u00f6kmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

G\u00f6yt\u00fcrkl\u0259r 552-ci ild\u0259 Jujan Xaqanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcquta u\u011fratd\u0131lar, bundan sonra bu boylar\u0131n bir hiss\u0259si q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru \u00e7\u0259kildi. Q\u0259rb\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259nl\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti hun v\u0259 uar soylar\u0131ndan g\u0259l\u0259n iki q\u0259bil\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi. Uarlar monqollarla qar\u0131\u015f\u0131q tayfayd\u0131. Q\u0259rb\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n bu q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biri «apar\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. «M\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n\u201d m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 ver\u0259n bu t\u00fcrk m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li s\u00f6z\u0259 «abar\u201d v\u0259 «avar\u201d da deyilirdi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Avarlar vaxtil\u0259 hunlar\u0131n h\u00f6kmranl\u0131q etdiyi \u015e\u0259rqi Avropada m\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015f\u0259r\u0259k \u00e7oxald\u0131lar. Avarlar \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rini M\u0259rk\u0259zi Avropada \u2013 Frank d\u00f6vl\u0259ti v\u0259 Bizans imperiyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda qurdular. Avarlara d\u00f6vl\u0259t quruculu\u011funda hunlar, bulqarlar v\u0259 sabirl\u0259r kimi m\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u00fcrk q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259st\u0259k vermi\u015fdil\u0259r. Bu, german v\u0259 slavyan kimi b\u00f6y\u00fck q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259ri iki \u0259srd\u0259n \u00e7ox \u00f6z hakimiyy\u0259ti alt\u0131nda saxlayan, 250 il Avropa siyas\u0259tin\u0259 \u00f6z t\u0259sirini g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n Avar Xaqanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


V\u0259d edil\u0259n torpaqlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


558-ci ild\u0259 Bizansa \u00f6z el\u00e7il\u0259rini g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259n avarlar dostluq \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri qurmaq v\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn torpaq ist\u0259dil\u0259r. B\u0259zi tayfalar\u0131n Balkan yar\u0131madas\u0131na h\u00fccumlar\u0131ndan bezmi\u015f Bizans avarlardan bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u00f6m\u0259k ist\u0259mi\u015f v\u0259 anla\u015fma \u0259ld\u0259 etmi\u015fdi. Bizans avarlara ist\u0259dikl\u0259ri torpaqlar\u0131 Qafqazdak\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k raz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 vermi\u015fdi. Avarlar bir \u00e7ox tayfa v\u0259 sabirl\u0259rl\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259r\u0259k qalib g\u0259lmi\u015fdil\u0259r. 560-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Dunay\u0131n m\u0259nb\u0259yin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r en\u0259n avarlar Bizans\u0131n icaz\u0259si il\u0259 Dobrujada yerl\u0259\u015fdil\u0259r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, slavyanlara t\u0259zyiq g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Rus m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri avarlar\u0131n ist\u0259dikl\u0259ri zaman slavyan qad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 arabalar\u0131na at yerin\u0259 slavyan qad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 qo\u015fduqlar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Slavyanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131qlar\u0131 \u0259razil\u0259ri \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7ir\u0259n avarlar 562-ci ild\u0259 Bizans s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259rin\u0259 do\u011fru ax\u0131n etdil\u0259r. Slavyanlar bu basq\u0131nlar n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Balkan yar\u0131madas\u0131na \u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259li oldular. Bizansdan Qafqaz m\u00fcharib\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259d etdikl\u0259ri torpaqlar\u0131 ist\u0259dil\u0259r. Bizans\u0131n t\u0259klif etdiyi b\u0259zi torpaqlar\u0131 b\u0259y\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259n avarlar onu d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n elan etdil\u0259r. \u00dcsyan ed\u0259n slovenl\u0259r v\u0259 dig\u0259r tayfalar\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub ed\u0259n avarlar Elba \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n sahilind\u0259ki d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fd\u0259 Frank ordusunu m\u0259\u011flub etdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Gepidl\u0259rin sonu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Avarlar bu m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259r v\u0259 h\u00fccumlar\u0131n sonunda 565-ci ild\u0259 bir \u0259sr \u0259vv\u0259l m\u00f6vcud olmu\u015f Avropa Hun \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259 Avar \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131 qurdular. Timi\u015foaran\u0131 paytaxt elan etdil\u0259r. Avar \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n qurucusu v\u0259 ilk h\u00f6kmdar\u0131 Bayan Xaqand\u0131r. O, 565-602-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 — 37 il h\u00f6kmranl\u0131q edib. Avarlar \u0259n parlaq d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fc Bayan Xaqan\u0131n d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ya\u015fad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dunay \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259rbind\u0259 ya\u015fayan german tayfalar\u0131ndan olan lombardlar avarlardan gepidl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 apard\u0131qlar\u0131 m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k ist\u0259dil\u0259r. Avarlar heyvanlar\u0131n\u0131n onda birini onlara verm\u0259k m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 lombardlar\u0131n ist\u0259kl\u0259rini q\u0259bul etdil\u0259r, eyni zamanda, m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 qazansalar q\u0259nim\u0259tl\u0259rin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn gepid torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 alacaqd\u0131lar. Bizansdan k\u00f6m\u0259k ala bilm\u0259y\u0259n gepidl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcharib\u0259 \u00e7ox qanl\u0131 oldu v\u0259 Macar\u0131standa ya\u015fayan gepidl\u0259rin suverenliyin\u0259 son qoyuldu. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, avarlar Macar\u0131stan\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259sini \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irdil\u0259r. Bundan sonra lombardlar\u0131n \u0130taliyaya k\u00f6\u00e7 ed\u0259rk\u0259n gerid\u0259 buraxd\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rini Panoniyan\u0131 v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn Macar\u0131stan\u0131 \u00f6z \u0259razil\u0259rin\u0259 qatd\u0131lar. Avar d\u00f6vl\u0259ti b\u00f6y\u00fck bir imperiyaya \u00e7evrildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Bizans\u0131n m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259ti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Avarlara qar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn Avropan\u0131n diqq\u0259tini \u00e7\u0259k\u0259n ilk h\u00fccum 569-cu ild\u0259 g\u00f6yt\u00fcrkl\u0259rd\u0259n g\u0259ldi v\u0259 b\u0259zi \u0259razil\u0259r bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 itirildi. Frank ordusu 570-ci ild\u0259 h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k avarlar\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub etdi. Avarlar Sirmium (Mitrovitsa) \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini bizansl\u0131lardan t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259nd\u0259, iki \u00f6lk\u0259 aras\u0131nda m\u00fcharib\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131. Bizans komandan\u0131 I Tiberinin komandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndak\u0131 ordu avarlara h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7di. Lakin nizaml\u0131 avar ordusu bizansl\u0131lar\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub etm\u0259yi bacard\u0131. Bizans bu m\u00fcharib\u0259nin sonunda Avar d\u00f6vl\u0259tin\u0259 80 000 q\u0131z\u0131l \u00f6d\u0259di v\u0259 avarlar Sirmium \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini ist\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259n \u0259l \u00e7\u0259kdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki \u00f6lk\u0259 aras\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r 579-cu ild\u0259 yenid\u0259n bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259r \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259n pisl\u0259\u015fdi v\u0259 avarlar \u00fc\u00e7 illik m\u00fcqavim\u0259td\u0259n sonra Bizans\u0131n s\u0259rh\u0259d qalalar\u0131 olan Belqrad v\u0259 Sirmiumu m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 ald\u0131lar. Qalalar 582-ci ild\u0259 tamamil\u0259 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irildi. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 Bizans avarlarla onlar\u0131n \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri daxilind\u0259 bar\u0131\u015fmaq m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 qald\u0131. \u00dcst\u0259g\u0259l, son \u00fc\u00e7 ild\u0259 \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259diyi 80 000 q\u0131z\u0131l vergisini \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 240 000 q\u0131z\u0131l olaraq \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259li oldular. Avarlar m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 saylar\u0131 azalma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131qda, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n b\u0259zi tayfalar\u0131 \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u0259tirdil\u0259r. Bayan Xaqan 582-ci ild\u0259 qisas almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn franklar\u0131n \u0259razil\u0259rin\u0259 girdi v\u0259 onlar\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub ed\u0259r\u0259k Frank kral\u0131n\u0131 \u0259sir g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Daha sonra onu q\u0259nim\u0259t qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda buraxd\u0131. Avarlar Bizansdan illik 80 000 q\u0131z\u0131l vergisini 100 000 q\u0131z\u0131la q\u0259d\u0259r art\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b etdil\u0259r v\u0259 bu q\u0259bul edilm\u0259dikd\u0259 Belqrad \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri yenid\u0259n m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 al\u0131nd\u0131 \u200b\u200bv\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r itkil\u0259r\u0259 baxmayaraq m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259 qalib g\u0259lindi. Bizans 100 000 q\u0131z\u0131l vergisini q\u0259bul etdikd\u0259n sonra Bayan Xaqan z\u0259ngin q\u0259nim\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259sin\u0259 d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Slavyanlara h\u00fccum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avar saray\u0131ndak\u0131 n\u00fcfuzlu bir din adam\u0131n\u0131n xaqan\u0131n h\u0259r\u0259mind\u0259ki bir qad\u0131nla \u0259laq\u0259si \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xanda Bizansa s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. O, burada slavyanlar\u0131n Bizans torpaqlar\u0131na h\u00fccum etm\u0259sini Bayan Xaqan\u0131n ist\u0259diyini s\u00f6yl\u0259di. Bundan sonra bizansl\u0131lar vergi alma\u011fa g\u0259l\u0259n Avar el\u00e7isini 6 ay saxlad\u0131qdan sonra avarlar Bizansa h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7dil\u0259r. 586-c\u0131 ild\u0259 bir \u00e7ox Bizans \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini m\u0259hv etdil\u0259r. Bundan sonra Bizans ordusu Balkan da\u011flar\u0131ndak\u0131 avarlara h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k, onlar\u0131 m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259t\u0259 u\u011fratd\u0131. Bu m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259 avarlar b\u00f6y\u00fck itki v\u0259 \u0259sir verdil\u0259r. Bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra yenid\u0259n g\u00fccl\u0259n\u0259n avarlar q\u0259fil Bizans ordusuna h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7dil\u0259r v\u0259 \u0259sirl\u0259rini xilas etdil\u0259r. Amma Bizans\u0131n n\u00f6vb\u0259ti h\u00fccumunda m\u0259\u011flub oldular. M\u00fcharib\u0259y\u0259 qat\u0131lan 3 Bizans ordusu gec\u0259 bir-birini axtarark\u0259n q\u0259fl\u0259t\u0259n avarlar\u0131n h\u00fccumlar\u0131na m\u0259ruz qald\u0131. Ordunun bir \u00e7ox h\u0259rb\u00e7isi v\u0259 komandiri me\u015f\u0259y\u0259 qa\u00e7d\u0131, lakin \u0259sir g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcl\u0259r, amma pul m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 s\u0259rb\u0259st burax\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Bizans \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki q\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 il\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u0259 qazanan avarlar Trakiyaya do\u011fru ir\u0259lil\u0259dil\u0259r, \u018fdirn\u0259 qalas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 ald\u0131lar, lakin he\u00e7 bir n\u0259tic\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 olunmad\u0131. Bu m\u00fchasir\u0259d\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r z\u0259rb\u0259l\u0259r alan Bizans avarlarla 5 illik dostluq m\u00fcqavil\u0259si ba\u011flad\u0131. Bizans 581-ci ild\u0259 slavyanlardan ke\u00e7mi\u015f ill\u0259rin qisas\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn avarlardan k\u00f6m\u0259k ist\u0259di v\u0259 60000 n\u0259f\u0259rlik avar ordusu slavyanlara h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7di v\u0259 onlar\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub etdi. Slavyanlar \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259rk ed\u0259r\u0259k me\u015f\u0259 v\u0259 ma\u011faralara qa\u00e7d\u0131lar, slavyanlar avarlar\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rini qar\u0259t etm\u0259sin\u0259 m\u00fcqavim\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259 bilm\u0259dil\u0259r. 5 illik Bizans-Avar dostluq m\u00fcqavil\u0259sinin bitm\u0259sind\u0259n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 il sonra avarlar yenid\u0259n bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 h\u00fccum ed\u0259r\u0259k Salonikini m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 ald\u0131lar, lakin bu he\u00e7 bir n\u0259tic\u0259 verm\u0259di. 597-ci ild\u0259 franklar\u0131n \u0259razil\u0259rin\u0259 n\u00f6vb\u0259ti d\u0259f\u0259 h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k, onlar\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub etdil\u0259r. Avarlar bu vaxt Don \u00e7ay\u0131ndan Qaliyaya, \u015fimalda slavyan \u0259razil\u0259rind\u0259n \u0130taliyaya q\u0259d\u0259r geni\u015f torpaqlarda \u00f6z h\u00f6kmranl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 qurmu\u015fdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u015eahzad\u0259 Romhilda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avarlar 600-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Bizansla m\u00fcharib\u0259nin sonunda Dunay\u0131n sol sahilini itirdil\u0259r. Bayan Xaqan 601-ci ild\u0259 4 o\u011flunu Bizans\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi v\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rd\u0259 i\u015ftirak ets\u0259 d\u0259, bizansl\u0131lar bu m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259 qalib g\u0259ldi. Xaqan\u0131n 4 o\u011flu d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259r\u0259k \u00f6ld\u00fc. O\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yin\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259s\u0259n Bayan Xaqan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc xilas ed\u0259r\u0259k, Tisa \u00e7ay\u0131 sahill\u0259rin\u0259 qa\u00e7m\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Bu m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259n sonra avarlar geri \u00e7\u0259kildil\u0259r. Bayan Xaqan 602-ci ild\u0259 v\u0259fat etdikd\u0259 onun yerin\u0259 5-ci o\u011flu ke\u00e7di. Lakin onun ad\u0131 m\u0259lum deyil. B\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 ad\u0131 «II Bayan Xaqan\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


602-ci ild\u0259 yenid\u0259n Bizansla bar\u0131\u015f\u0131q t\u0259min edildi v\u0259 610-cu il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r s\u00fclh ya\u015fand\u0131. Avarlar 610-cu ild\u0259 Lombard \u015fahzad\u0259si Gisulfun idar\u0259 etdiyi Friol \u015f\u0259h\u0259rini m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 al\u0131b, onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r. \u015eahzad\u0259nin arvad\u0131 Romhilda 8 u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 qalaya geri \u00e7\u0259kildi. Bu qalan\u0131 da m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 alan avarlar m\u00fchasir\u0259 uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t n\u0259tic\u0259 verm\u0259dikd\u0259 geri \u00e7\u0259kilm\u0259k ist\u0259dil\u0259r, amma bu vaxt Romhilda Avar xaqan\u0131 il\u0259 evl\u0259nm\u0259k \u015f\u0259rtiyl\u0259 qalan\u0131n t\u0259slim olaca\u011f\u0131 x\u0259b\u0259rini g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi. Avarlar bu yolla qalan\u0131 \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irdikd\u0259n sonra xaqan «V\u0259t\u0259nin\u0259 x\u0259yan\u0259t ed\u0259n birind\u0259n biz\u0259 fayda g\u0259lm\u0259z\u201d, dey\u0259r\u0259k, \u015fahzad\u0259ni 12 avar g\u00f6z\u0259t\u00e7isin\u0259 t\u0259hvil verdi. Qalan\u0131 talan ed\u0259n avarlar Panoniyaya do\u011fru geri \u00e7\u0259kildil\u0259r. Bu vaxt Romhildan\u0131n u\u015faqlar\u0131 qa\u00e7anda Avar xaqan\u0131 onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u0130mperatorun qa\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


610-cu ild\u0259 imperator olan I \u0130rakli 616-c\u0131 ild\u0259 el\u00e7il\u0259ri vasit\u0259sil\u0259 avarlarla dost olmaq ist\u0259diyini bildirdi. Bizans imperatoru Avar xaqan\u0131 il\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k ist\u0259diyini s\u00f6yl\u0259di, bundan sonra iki h\u00f6kmdar Selimbriya v\u0259 Herekleya aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k q\u0259rar\u0131na g\u0259ldi. Avarlar bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fd\u0259 Bizansa h\u00fccum edib imperatoru \u0259sir alma\u011f\u0131 planla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Bizans imperatoru bunu son anda \u00f6yr\u0259ndi v\u0259 qa\u00e7ma\u011f\u0131 bacard\u0131. Avarlar bizansl\u0131lara h\u00fccum ed\u0259r\u0259k onlar\u0131 tutsalar da, imperatoru tapa bilm\u0259dil\u0259r. Atas\u0131 v\u0259 qarda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n qisas\u0131n\u0131 ala bilm\u0259y\u0259n Avar xaqan\u0131 Konstantinopolu m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 ald\u0131, lakin \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259y\u0259 m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259q olmad\u0131. Bu, Konstantinopolun ilk m\u00fchasir\u0259si idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konstantinopolun ikinci m\u00fchasir\u0259si<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Avar Xaqanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 Sasanil\u0259r Konstantinopolu ikinci d\u0259f\u0259 m\u00fchasir\u0259y\u0259 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn raz\u0131la\u015fd\u0131lar. Sasanil\u0259r b\u00fct\u00fcn Anadolunu ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k, bo\u011fazlar\u0131n Anadolu t\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 g\u0259ldikd\u0259, avarlar slavyanlar v\u0259 bulqarlar\u0131n d\u0259st\u0259yi il\u0259 Balkan yar\u0131madas\u0131 v\u0259 Trakiyan\u0131 ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k Konstantinopolun \u0259traf\u0131nda dayand\u0131lar. 626-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Sasanil\u0259rl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 ba\u015flayan m\u00fchasir\u0259 5 g\u00fcn davam etdi. Avarlar\u0131n \u00e7ox g\u00fccl\u00fc silahlar\u0131 v\u0259 inan\u0131lmaz ox ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131na baxmayaraq, Konstantinopol yax\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 olundu. Avar g\u0259mil\u0259ri Bizans g\u0259mil\u0259rini m\u0259\u011flub ed\u0259 bilm\u0259di, bel\u0259likl\u0259, m\u00fchasir\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259siz qald\u0131. Bizansl\u0131lar m\u00fchasir\u0259d\u0259n xilas olduqlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bayram elan etdil\u0259r v\u0259 M\u0259ry\u0259m Anaya dua oxudular. Bu u\u011fursuz m\u00fchasir\u0259d\u0259n sonra avarlar z\u0259ifl\u0259dil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Sonuncu xaqan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


630-cu ild\u0259 Avar xaqan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra Bizans avarlar\u0131n hakimiyy\u0259ti alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan tayfalar\u0131 \u00fcsyanlara t\u0259hrik etdi. \u00dcsyanlarda torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n bir hiss\u0259sini itir\u0259n Avar d\u00f6vl\u0259ti iqtisadi c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n d\u0259 z\u0259ifl\u0259di. Avarlar uzun bir s\u00fckutdan sonra — 736-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Bavariyaya daxil oldular v\u0259 bu 20 illik m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259 taq\u0259td\u0259n d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcl\u0259r, h\u0259tta Avstriyadak\u0131 torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 germanlara verm\u0259k m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259 qald\u0131lar. 788-ci ild\u0259 \u0130taliyaya h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k, Friol \u0259h\u0259rini qar\u0259t etdil\u0259r, bundan sonra franklara m\u0259\u011flub oldular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son \u2013 yeddinci Avar xaqan\u0131 II Tudun 791-803-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 h\u00f6kmranl\u0131q etdi. Bu vaxt Frank ordusu avarlara h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7di v\u0259 onlar\u0131n qalarlar\u0131n\u0131 yand\u0131rd\u0131. Avar xaqan\u0131 Frank kral\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na el\u00e7il\u0259rini g\u00f6nd\u0259rdi, \u00f6z\u00fc v\u0259 xalq\u0131n\u0131n xristian olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi v\u0259 bu h\u00fccumlar\u0131n dayand\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ist\u0259di. Bu t\u0259klifi q\u0259bul etm\u0259y\u0259n franklar Avar \u00f6lk\u0259sinin i\u00e7\u0259risin\u0259 do\u011fru h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t\u0259 ke\u00e7dil\u0259r. Avarlar 796-c\u0131 ild\u0259 paytaxtlar\u0131n\u0131 itirdikd\u0259n sonra \u015famanl\u0131qdan imtina ed\u0259r\u0259k, xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul etdil\u0259r. II Tudun Frank kral\u0131 il\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc v\u0259 dini m\u0259rasiml\u0259 xristian oldu. Frank kral\u0131n\u0131n avarlara qar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259n\u00e7iliyi davam etdikd\u0259 Tudun Xaqan yenid\u0259n \u015faman\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa qay\u0131daraq, Bavariyaya h\u00fccuma ke\u00e7di v\u0259 Frank kral\u0131n\u0131n qayn\u0131, qraf Cerald\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub etdi v\u0259 onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Avarlar davam ed\u0259n m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259rin sonunda — 803-c\u00fc ild\u0259 tamamil\u0259 da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar. Par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f avar boylar\u0131 franklar\u0131n z\u00fclm\u00fcnd\u0259n xilas olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015e\u0259rqi Macar\u0131stan v\u0259 Balkan yar\u0131madas\u0131na \u00fcz tutular. Xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul ed\u0259n avar xalq\u0131 t\u0259dric\u0259n Avropada \u0259riyib yoxa \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. Bu g\u00fcn Macar\u0131standa avar n\u0259sill\u0259rinin davam etdiyin\u0259 inan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Sa\u00e7 h\u00f6r\u0259n t\u00fcrk tayfas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Avar d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 «xaqan\u201d adlan\u0131rd\u0131. Ordu s\u0131ralar\u0131ndak\u0131 avar v\u0259 bulqarlar s\u00fcvari, slavyanlar, germanlar v\u0259 dig\u0259r tayfalar is\u0259 piyada kimi d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r. Avarlar k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ri h\u0259yat\u0131 ya\u015fay\u0131rd\u0131lar. B\u0259zi avarlar daimi m\u0259skunla\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131 v\u0259 ticar\u0259tl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful idil\u0259r. Bizansdan al\u0131nan q\u0131z\u0131llar\u0131n hesab\u0131na o d\u00f6n\u0259md\u0259 d\u00fcnyak\u0131 q\u0131z\u0131l ehtiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7d\u0259 ikisi avarlar\u0131n \u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fmi\u015fdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avarlar h\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f sa\u00e7lar\u0131 il\u0259 dig\u0259r xalqlara da t\u0259sir etmi\u015fdil\u0259r. \u00c7inli tarix\u00e7il\u0259r avarlar\u0131 «Sa\u00e7 h\u00f6r\u0259n t\u00fcrk tayfas\u0131\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnki avar ki\u015fil\u0259ri d\u0259 sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 uzad\u0131b h\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u0259r. Avarlar dig\u0259r t\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 kimi \u015faman\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa inan\u0131rd\u0131lar. Lakin sonrak\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 franklar\u0131n t\u0259zyiql\u0259ri n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 aralar\u0131nda xristianl\u0131q yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Axir\u0259t d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ac qalmas\u0131n dey\u0259 avarlar m\u0259zarlara yem\u0259k qoyurdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


T\u0259dqiqatlarda avarlar\u0131n s\u0259n\u0259t\u0259 olan mara\u011f\u0131 da m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilib. Avarlar\u0131n oxlar, yaylar, q\u0131l\u0131nclar, \u00fcz\u0259ngil\u0259r, t\u00f6km\u0259 al\u0259tl\u0259r, \u00fcz\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 r\u0259sml\u0259r h\u0259kk olunmu\u015f qo\u015fqular, b\u0259z\u0259kli k\u0259m\u0259rl\u0259r v\u0259 metal l\u00f6vh\u0259l\u0259r d\u00fcz\u0259ltdikl\u0259ri m\u0259lumdur. Avarlar\u0131n m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti slavyan, german v\u0259 bizansl\u0131lara da t\u0259sir etmi\u015fdi. Hunlardan sonra avarlar\u0131n suverenliyini q\u0259bul ed\u0259n slavyanlar onlardan \u0259kin\u00e7iliyi \u00f6yr\u0259nmi\u015fdil\u0259r. Avarlar\u0131n s\u0259rh\u0259d qalalar\u0131n\u0131n qal\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck \u00c7in S\u0259dl\u0259rin\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259r divarlar\u0131 bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 heyranl\u0131q do\u011furur. Z\u0259rg\u0259rlik sah\u0259sind\u0259 inki\u015faf etmi\u015f m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t\u0259 sahib olan avarlar q\u0131z\u0131l v\u0259 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f qablardan istifad\u0259 edirdil\u0259r v\u0259 g\u00f6z\u0259l geyiml\u0259ri il\u0259 tan\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


M\u0259nsur R\u0259\u011fb\u0259to\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teleqraf.com<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00f6yt\u00fcrkl\u0259r 552-ci ild\u0259 Jujan Xaqanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcquta u\u011fratd\u0131lar, bundan sonra bu boylar\u0131n bir hiss\u0259si q\u0259rb\u0259 do\u011fru \u00e7\u0259kildi. Q\u0259rb\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259nl\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti hun v\u0259 uar soylar\u0131ndan g\u0259l\u0259n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":35569,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarix"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35568","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=35568"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35568\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35570,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35568\/revisions\/35570"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/35569"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=35568"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=35568"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=35568"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}