{"id":53095,"date":"2021-11-06T02:01:07","date_gmt":"2021-11-05T22:01:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=53095"},"modified":"2021-11-06T02:01:50","modified_gmt":"2021-11-05T22:01:50","slug":"doqquz-insan-novunu-m%c9%99hv-ed%c9%99c%c9%99k-d%c9%99r%c9%99c%c9%99d%c9%99-v%c9%99hsiyikmi-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=53095","title":{"rendered":"Doqquz insan n\u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fc m\u0259hv ed\u0259c\u0259k d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 v\u0259h\u015fiyikmi?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yazar: Erman Ertu\u011frul<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neandertallar Avropan\u0131n soyuq \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fan x\u0131rda ov\u00e7ular idil\u0259r. Denisoval\u0131lar Asiyada, \u0130ndoneziyada is\u0259 daha ibtidai Homo erectus v\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Afrikada Homo rhodesiensisd\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131rd\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bundan \u0259lav\u0259, boyca q\u0131sa, ki\u00e7ik beyinli insan n\u00f6v\u00fc sa\u011f qald\u0131: C\u0259nubi Afrikadak\u0131 homo naledi, Filippind\u0259ki Homo luzonensis, \u0130ndoneziyadak\u0131 Homo floresiensis (hobbitl\u0259r) v\u0259 \u00c7ind\u0259ki sirli Q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 maral ma\u011faras\u0131 insanlar\u0131. Yeni n\u00f6vl\u0259ri n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r k\u0259\u015ff etdiyimizi n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq, daha \u00e7oxunun tap\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259nilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu n\u00f6vl\u0259r 10.000 il \u0259vv\u0259l art\u0131q yox olmu\u015fdular. Bu dig\u0259r n\u00f6vl\u0259rin n\u0259slinin k\u0259silm\u0259si k\u00fctl\u0259vi yoxa \u00e7\u0131xma\u011fa b\u0259nz\u0259yir. Ancaq buna s\u0259b\u0259b ola bil\u0259c\u0259k a\u00e7\u0131q bir ekoloji f\u0259lak\u0259t (vulkan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259si, iqlim d\u0259yi\u015fikliyi, asteroid t\u0259siri) yoxdur. Bunun \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259, n\u0259sli k\u0259silm\u0259 vaxt\u0131, C\u0259nubi Afrikada 260.000 il\u0259 350.000 il \u0259vv\u0259l inki\u015faf ed\u0259n yeni bir n\u00f6v\u00fcn, Homo sapiensin yay\u0131lmas\u0131ndan qaynaqland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nik Longrix\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, m\u00fcasir insanlar\u0131n Afrikadan yay\u0131lmas\u0131, Buz d\u00f6vr\u00fc m\u0259m\u0259lil\u0259rinin yoxa \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131ndan sivilizasiyalar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ya\u011f\u0131\u015f me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rinin m\u0259hv edilm\u0259sin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r 40.000 il \u0259rzind\u0259 k\u00fctl\u0259vi \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 yox olmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. B\u0259s dig\u0259r insan n\u00f6vl\u0259ri ilk qurbanlar idimi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cioclovina k\u0259ll\u0259sind\u0259 \u00dcst Paleolit d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ki\u015fil\u0259r aras\u0131 zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259si ola bil\u0259c\u0259yi ehtimal edil\u0259n iki \u0259sas s\u0131n\u0131q var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

«Biz misilsiz t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li bir n\u00f6v\u00fck», Lon Longrich deyir. «Yunlu mamontlar\u0131, n\u0259h\u0259ng t\u0259nb\u0259l heyvanlar\u0131 v\u0259 moa qu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ovlad\u0131q. Planetin \u0259razisinin yar\u0131dan \u00e7oxunu \u0259kin\u00e7ilik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259yi\u015fdirdik v\u0259 me\u015f\u0259l\u0259ri m\u0259hv etdik. Planetin iqlimini d\u0259yi\u015fdik. Ancaq biz b\u00fct\u00fcn dig\u0259r insan icmalar\u0131ndan \u0259n t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259liyik, \u00e7\u00fcnki resurslar v\u0259 torpaqlar u\u011frunda yar\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131q.»<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarix, Roman\u0131n da\u011f\u0131d\u0131lmas\u0131ndan Karfagen\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r Amerikan\u0131n Q\u0259rbin v\u0259 Avstraliyadak\u0131 \u0130ngilis m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7iliyinin i\u015f\u011fal\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r b\u00f6lg\u0259d\u0259ki dig\u0259r qruplar\u0131n m\u00fcbariz\u0259, yerd\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259hv edilm\u0259si n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 doludur. Bu yax\u0131nlarda Bosniya, Ruanda, \u0130raq, Darfur v\u0259 Myanmada soyq\u0131r\u0131m v\u0259 etnik t\u0259mizl\u0259m\u0259 ba\u015f verdi. Erk\u0259n Homo sapiensin daha az regional, daha az zorak\u0131, daha az d\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz v\u0259 ya daha az insan oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259r var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Optimistl\u0259r erk\u0259n ov\u00e7ular\u0131 dinc, n\u0259cib soylu v\u0259h\u015fil\u0259r kimi t\u0259svir edir v\u0259 t\u0259bi\u0259timizin deyil, m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259timizin zorak\u0131l\u0131q yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edirl\u0259r. Ancaq sah\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131, tarixi qeydl\u0259r v\u0259 arxeologiya ibtidai m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259nin \u015fidd\u0259tli, geni\u015f v\u0259 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rir. \u00c7ubuqlar, niz\u0259, balta v\u0259 yaylar kimi neolit silahlar\u0131, h\u00fccum v\u0259 pusqu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 t\u0259sirli idi. Zorak\u0131l\u0131q bu c\u0259miyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 insanlar aras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn \u0259sas s\u0259b\u0259bi idi v\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 adamba\u015f\u0131na, I v\u0259 II D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 nisb\u0259td\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 edildikd\u0259 daha \u00e7ox \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keniyadak\u0131 Turkana g\u00f6l\u00fc yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 10.000 illik q\u0131r\u011f\u0131n\u0131n izl\u0259ri tap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcm\u00fckl\u0259r v\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r bu \u015fidd\u0259tin olduqca k\u00f6hn\u0259 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimali Amerikadak\u0131 9000 ya\u015fl\u0131 Kennewick Adam\u0131n \u00e7anaq s\u00fcm\u00fcy\u00fcnd\u0259 niz\u0259 ucu vard\u0131. Keniyadak\u0131 10 min illik Nataruk b\u00f6lg\u0259si, \u0259n az 27 ki\u015fi, qad\u0131n v\u0259 u\u015faqlar\u0131n v\u0259h\u015fic\u0259sin\u0259 q\u0259tliam\u0131n\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259\u015fdirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dig\u0259r insan n\u00f6vl\u0259rinin daha dinc olma ehtimal\u0131 da az idi. Ki\u015fi \u015fimpanzel\u0259rind\u0259 kooperativ zorak\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmas\u0131 m\u00fcharib\u0259nin insanlar\u0131n t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Neandertal skeletl\u0259r m\u00fcharib\u0259y\u0259 uy\u011fun travma izl\u0259ri da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. Ancaq m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b silahlara sahiblik, ehtimal ki, Homo sapiens\u0259 h\u0259rbi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck yaratd\u0131. \u0130lk Homo sapiens arsenallar\u0131nda, ehtimal ki, sapand v\u0259 niz\u0259 kimi silahlar vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mesopotamiyada zorak\u0131l\u0131q qon\u015fu b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n daha az idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b al\u0259tl\u0259r v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t biz\u0259 daha geni\u015f \u00e7e\u015fidd\u0259 heyvan v\u0259 bitki yeti\u015fdirm\u0259y\u0259, daha b\u00f6y\u00fck q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259ri qidaland\u0131rma\u011fa v\u0259 n\u00f6vl\u0259rimiz\u0259 say bax\u0131m\u0131ndan strateji \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k edirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130spaniyadak\u0131 Sima de los Huesos ma\u011faras\u0131nda tap\u0131lan bir k\u0259ll\u0259 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl yaralar 430.000 il \u0259vv\u0259l ba\u015f vermi\u015f bir q\u0259tlin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u018fn son silah<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancaq ma\u011fara r\u0259sml\u0259ri, oymalar v\u0259 musiqi al\u0259tl\u0259ri daha t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259li bir \u015fey\u0259 i\u015far\u0259 edir: m\u00fcc\u0259rr\u0259d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 v\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn inki\u015faf etmi\u015f bir qabiliyy\u0259t. Birg\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259, planla\u015fd\u0131rma, strategiya, manipulyasiya v\u0259 aldatma qabiliyy\u0259ti son silah\u0131m\u0131z ola bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fosil qeydl\u0259rinin olmamas\u0131 bu fikirl\u0259ri s\u0131nama\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0259tinl\u0259\u015fdirir. Ancaq Avropada nisb\u0259t\u0259n tam arxeoloji qeydl\u0259r\u0259 sahib fosill\u0259r neandertallar\u0131n g\u0259li\u015fimizd\u0259n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 min il sonra yoxa \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Neandertal DNT-nin Avrasiya xalqlar\u0131nda izl\u0259ri s\u00fcbut etdi ki, m\u0259hv olduqdan sonra onlar\u0131 \u0259v\u0259z etm\u0259dik. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fd\u00fck v\u0259 \u00e7iftle\u015fdik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fqa bir yerd\u0259 tap\u0131lan DNT-l\u0259r arxaik insanlarla ba\u015fqa qar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalara i\u015far\u0259 edir. \u015e\u0259rqi Asiya, Polineziya v\u0259 Avstraliya qruplar\u0131nda Denisoval\u0131lara aid DNT var. Y\u0259qin ki, Homo erectus DNT-si bir \u00e7ox Asiya insan\u0131nda olur. Afrika genomlar\u0131 ba\u015fqa bir arxaik n\u00f6vd\u0259n DNT izl\u0259rini \u00f6zl\u0259rind\u0259 da\u015f\u0131y\u0131rlar. Dig\u0259r n\u00f6vl\u0259rl\u0259 \u00e7iftle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fumuz, onlar\u0131n biziml\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fd\u00fckd\u0259n sonra yox oldu\u011funu s\u00fcbut edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u0259s niy\u0259 \u0259cdadlar\u0131m\u0131z qohumlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hv ed\u0259r\u0259k, daha do\u011frusu k\u00fctl\u0259vi soyq\u0131r\u0131mlarla m\u0259hv etdil\u0259r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cavab \u0259hali art\u0131m\u0131ndan gedib \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar, b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6vl\u0259r kimi, eksponent olaraq b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u00fcrl\u0259r. N\u0259zar\u0259tsiz, tarix\u0259n h\u0259r 25 ild\u0259 say\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 iki d\u0259f\u0259 art\u0131rd\u0131q. \u0130nsanlar kooperativ ov\u00e7usu olduqdan sonra qida z\u0259ncirind\u0259 canl\u0131 bir \u015feyimiz yox idi. \u018fhalimizi idar\u0259 ed\u0259n bir y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 v\u0259 \u00e7ox az ail\u0259 planla\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131 olmadan m\u00f6vcud m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn populyasiyalar b\u00f6y\u00fcm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quraql\u0131q, s\u0259rt q\u0131\u015flar v\u0259 ya ehtiyatlar\u0131n h\u0259dd\u0259n art\u0131q yeyilm\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 yaranan art\u0131m v\u0259 ya qida \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bil\u0259l\u0259rin qida sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 toqqu\u015fmalar\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. M\u00fcharib\u0259 b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259hali art\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n vacib n\u0259zar\u0259t\u00e7isi idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dig\u0259r n\u00f6vl\u0259rin aradan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ehtimal ki, sivilizasiyalar\u0131n t\u0259tbiq etdiyi bir n\u00f6v planl\u0131, \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirilmi\u015f bir s\u0259y deyil, cazib\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259si idi. Ancaq son n\u0259tic\u0259 yen\u0259 eyni idi. Basq\u0131ndan basq\u0131ya, pusqudan pusquya, vadid\u0259n vadiy\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fcasir insanlar torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z ixtiyarlar\u0131na ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna baxmayaraq, Neandertallar\u0131n yox olmas\u0131 \u0259n az\u0131 minl\u0259rl\u0259 il \u00e7\u0259kdi. Bunun s\u0259b\u0259bi, erk\u0259n Homo sapiensin sonrak\u0131 f\u0259thetm\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 idi: m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u0259kin\u00e7ilik t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259n\u0259n \u00e7ox sayda \u0259halinin, r\u0259qibl\u0259rini m\u0259hv ed\u0259n \u00e7i\u00e7\u0259k, qrip v\u0259 q\u0131z\u0131lca kimi epidemiyalar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ancaq neandertallar m\u00fcharib\u0259ni uduzanad\u0259k, onlar biz\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 vuru\u015fmal\u0131 v\u0259 bir \u00e7ox d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fd\u0259 qalib g\u0259lm\u0259liydil\u0259r ki, uzun s\u00fcr\u0259 ya\u015faya bilsinl\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu g\u00fcn ulduzlara bax\u0131r\u0131q v\u0259 kainatda t\u0259k oldu\u011fumuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fck.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fantaziya v\u0259 elmi fantastikada bizim kimi dig\u0259r a\u011f\u0131ll\u0131 n\u00f6vl\u0259rl\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn nec\u0259 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fck. Bunu bir d\u0259f\u0259 etdiyimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259k k\u0259d\u0259rlidir v\u0259 indi o insanlar buna g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u00f6vcud deyill\u0259r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazar: Erman Ertu\u011frul Neandertallar Avropan\u0131n soyuq \u00e7\u00f6ll\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011funla\u015fan x\u0131rda ov\u00e7ular idil\u0259r. Denisoval\u0131lar Asiyada, \u0130ndoneziyada is\u0259 daha ibtidai Homo erectus v\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Afrikada Homo rhodesiensisd\u0259<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":53098,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53095","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarix"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53095","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=53095"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53100,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53095\/revisions\/53100"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/53098"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=53095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=53095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=53095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}