{"id":56057,"date":"2021-12-10T05:02:37","date_gmt":"2021-12-10T01:02:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=56057"},"modified":"2021-12-10T05:02:39","modified_gmt":"2021-12-10T01:02:39","slug":"cini-idar%c9%99-etmis-tunquslar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=56057","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ini idar\u0259 etmi\u015f Tunquslar…"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tunqus dill\u0259ri Altay dil ail\u0259sin\u0259 m\u0259nsubdur. Onlar\u0131n dili Sibird\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan monqol v\u0259 t\u00fcrk dill\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7ox yax\u0131nd\u0131r. 1644-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Pekini (\u00c7ini) idar\u0259 edibl\u0259r. Mancurlar 1683-c\u00fc ild\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7ini idar\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Man\u00e7ular indiki \u015eimal-\u015e\u0259rqi \u00c7ind\u0259 Man\u00e7uriya m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li tunqus xalq\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u00c7ind\u0259 Min s\u00fclal\u0259sini m\u0259\u011flub ed\u0259r\u0259k Qinq s\u00fclal\u0259sini qurdular.1912-ci ild\u0259 \u00c7in Qinq s\u00fclal\u0259si \u00c7in Xinhay \u0130nqilab\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r idar\u0259 etmi\u015fl\u0259r.
Dan\u0131\u015fd\u0131qlar\u0131 dil Man dilidir v\u0259 haz\u0131rda 1 milyard insan bu dild\u0259n istifad\u0259 edir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


TUNQUS (EVENKI)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Evenks (Tunqus) — \u00f6z ad\u0131 Evenkil — Yeniseyd\u0259n Oxot d\u0259nizinin sahill\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r geni\u015f bir \u0259razini tutur. Tunqus tayfalar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n bu geni\u015f \u0259razinin m\u0259nims\u0259nilm\u0259si eram\u0131z\u0131n ilk \u0259srl\u0259rind\u0259 ba\u015f vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Sonra X \u0259srd\u0259n marall\u0131 qruplar\u0131 i\u00e7\u0259ri s\u0131zma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Tunquslar da\u011flarda dola\u015faraq \u00e7aylar boyu yay\u0131ld\u0131lar. Q\u0259dim d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 tunquslar d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015fk\u0259n xalq olub, yerli tayfalarla vuru\u015fub, onlar\u0131 qism\u0259n \u015fimala k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcb, qism\u0259n d\u0259 assimilyasiya edib. XX \u0259srd\u0259 Aliml\u0259r Tungus etnosundan Evenl\u0259ri ay\u0131rd\u0131lar, onlar\u0131n \u0259cdadlar\u0131 Lamutlar «piyada tunqus» hesab olunurdu, lakin maral yeti\u015fdirm\u0259yi m\u0259nims\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k, Yukagirl\u0259rin qal\u0131qlar\u0131 il\u0259 qar\u0131\u015faraq \u015eimali Yakutiya \u0259razisi boyunca yay\u0131lma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


A.F.Middendorf tunquslar\u0131 \u201cda\u011fl\u0131 xalq\u201d adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, N.V.Ermolova da\u011fl\u0131q Tayqan\u0131n\u0131 Evenkl\u0259rin v\u0259t\u0259ni kimi yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. A.A.Nazarova onlar\u0131 \u201csu h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259rinin xalq\u0131\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131r, onlar su h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 t\u0259r\u0259f \u00e7\u0259kilirl\u0259r v\u0259 ild\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259 oradan ke\u00e7irl\u0259r. Su h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259ri h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259, yerin f\u0259zas\u0131ndak\u0131 oriyentasiyan\u0131n bu \u201ca\u00e7arlar\u0131n\u0131n\u201d m\u00fcxt\u0259lif istiqam\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 axd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7aylar il\u0259 yeni torpaqlara aparan, x\u0259z v\u0259 \u0259t heyvanlar\u0131n\u0131n c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fdiyi y\u00fcks\u0259klikl\u0259rdir[\u0421\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u00ab\u042d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435: c\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb 2012, \u0441. 254].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tunquslar\u0131n ad\u0131 s\u0259thi olaraq \u00c7in ad\u0131 dun-hu — «\u015e\u0259rq barbarlar\u0131» il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 olunur. \u0130.Q.Georginin fikrinc\u0259, \u201cTunqus\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc t\u00fcrkl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u00f6z \u0259cdadlar\u0131na yakut dilind\u0259 \u201cdonquz\u201d v\u0259 ya ton uus \u2013 \u201cdonmu\u015f adam\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n verilmi\u015f ekzoetnonim deyil, \u00f6zl\u0259rinin evenk dilind\u0259ki Donki s\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n g\u0259lir. [Johann Gottlieb Georgi — alman h\u0259kimi, kimya\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131, etnoqraf\u0131, s\u0259yyah\u0131, mineralogiya professoru v\u0259 \u0130mperator Elml\u0259r v\u0259 \u0130nc\u0259s\u0259n\u0259t Akademiyas\u0131n\u0131n akademiki, 1799].<\/p>\n\n\n\n


V.A.Tuqolukov Evenkl\u0259rin ad\u0131n\u0131 VII \u0259sr \u00c7in salnam\u0259sind\u0259 Uvan tayfas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirmi\u015fdir. [Tuqolukov 1985]. \u00dcst\u0259lik, bu orta \u0259sr xalq\u0131 maral\u0131 yeti\u015fdirm\u0259yi bilirdi: \u201c\u015eimal marallar\u0131 mam\u0131rla qidalan\u0131r v\u0259 arabalara ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131\u201d [Vasilevi\u00e7 1946].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evenkl\u0259rin \u0259razi b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc onlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00e7aylar\u0131n adlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 apar\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Korkodon, Vilyui, Nijnelensk, Yenisey, Anabar, Olekmin, Turukhansk, Ust-May, Aldan, Bureya, Angarsk, Barguzin, Yenisey, Vitim Tunquslar\u0131 (Evenkl\u0259r v\u0259 Evenl\u0259r) ov\u00e7uluq, maral yeti\u015fdirm\u0259k v\u0259 bal\u0131q\u00e7\u0131l\u0131qla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful idil\u0259r. C\u0259nubda — maldarl\u0131qla Transbaykal v\u0259 Amur Tunguslar\u0131nm\u0259\u015f\u011ful olurdular. \u018fn m\u0259\u015fhur tunqus tayfalar\u0131 bunlard\u0131r: \u015eamaqirl\u0259r, Bula\u015flar, N\u0131rma\u011fanlar, S\u0131n\u0131girl\u0259r, Soloqonlar, Uqulatlar, Dolqanlar, Edyanlar, Momogirl\u0259r, Bayagirl\u0259r, Xataqinl\u0259r, Monqollar, Kindigirl\u0259r, N\u0259n\u0259girl\u0259r v\u0259 s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Evenk xalq\u0131n\u0131n etnogenezi problemi h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 \u00f6z h\u0259llini tapmay\u0131b. Tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131qda onlar\u0131n \u0259cdadlar\u0131 hunlar, xitanlar, syanbeyl\u0259r, mohe, vuanlar v\u0259 jur\u00e7enl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirilirdi. Sonra onlar Amur b\u00f6lg\u0259sinin, Transbaikaliya, Baykal b\u00f6lg\u0259si v\u0259 Yakutiyan\u0131n arxeoloji m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin sakinliyind\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131ld\u0131lar. Onlar\u0131n tunqus-mancur xalqlar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lma vaxt\u0131 b\u0259lli deyil. Koreya \u0259razisind\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u00e7iliy\u0259 malik olan q\u0259dim xalqlara tunqus-mancur tayfalar\u0131 da deyilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Evenkl\u0259r v\u0259 dig\u0259r Tunqus-Mancur xalqlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tayqada oriyentasiya \u00e7ay\u0131n axar\u0131nda ba\u015f verir — h\u0259r bir insan \u00f6z yerini \u00e7aya nisb\u0259td\u0259 v\u0259 silsil\u0259l\u0259rin yamaclar\u0131 boyunca istinad n\u00f6qt\u0259si hesab edir. \u00c7aylar Evenkl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn tayqa labirintind\u0259ki «Ariadna ipi» olaraq qal\u0131r. Tunquslar \u0259sas n\u00f6qt\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 deyil, \u0259sas su yolunun istiqam\u0259tin\u0259 istiqam\u0259tl\u0259nmi\u015f v\u0259 bu anda onunla \u0259laq\u0259li olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 tapm\u0131\u015flar.
Eyni zamanda, onlar x\u0259rit\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7aylar\u0131, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yerl\u0259rini, da\u011flar\u0131, g\u00f6ll\u0259ri \u015f\u0259rti i\u015far\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259svir ed\u0259n m\u0259saf\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 \u0259razil\u0259ri d\u00fczg\u00fcn m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edirl\u0259r [\u0421\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u00ab\u042d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435: c\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb 2012, \u0441. 369].<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u00d6zl\u0259rinin irsi \u0259razil\u0259rini n\u0259sill\u0259r boyu m\u0259nims\u0259mi\u015f tunquslar, t\u0259bii ki, tayqan\u0131 el\u0259 tan\u0131y\u0131rlar ki, ilin hans\u0131 vaxt\u0131nda, h\u0259tta hans\u0131 saat v\u0259 g\u00fcn\u00fcnd\u0259, maraqland\u0131qlar\u0131 ovla hans\u0131 yerd\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaqlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n g\u00f6r\u0259 bilsinl\u0259r. Tunquslar\u0131n Tayqa m\u0259kan\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259h\u0259ng \u0259halisi olmas\u0131n\u0131, Tunqus toponimiyas\u0131n\u0131n bu g\u00fcn Tunguslar\u0131n ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sibir b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 olmas\u0131 onlar\u0131n q\u0259dimliyind\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259r verir. Etnoqraflardan birinin dediyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, atl\u0131 maral piyada tayqa ov\u00e7usuna \u201cqanad verib\u201d v\u0259 ona q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 Sibir tayqas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u0259kan\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259nims\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 imkan verib. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, Tunqus tayqa k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259riliyinin ov\u00e7uluq v\u0259 maral s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc h\u0259yat t\u0259rzinin \u0259n az\u0131 2 min il ya\u015f\u0131 var v\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n \u201cman-tayqa\u201d sisteminin balans\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n ov\u00e7uluq bax\u0131m\u0131ndan onun ya\u015f\u0131 9 min il v\u0259 daha \u00e7ox ola bil\u0259r. [R\u0131\u00e7kov].
Q. Maydel tunquslar\u0131n daimi h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rinin s\u0259b\u0259bi kimi x\u0259z heyvan axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hesab edirdi. Evenk ov\u00e7ular\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n uzaq ke\u00e7idl\u0259ri, b\u0259z\u0259n daimi ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yerl\u0259rind\u0259n 800 km aral\u0131da, d\u0259l\u0259 x\u0259zi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ov il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li idi [Sirina, 2012, s. 266].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Tunquslar\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131nda h\u0259r \u015fey tayqa k\u00f6\u00e7\u0259ril\u0259rinin h\u0259yat t\u0259rzin\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lirdi. Ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yeri a\u011fcaqay\u0131n qab\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259, q\u0131\u015fda is\u0259 hindu tipli maral d\u0259ril\u0259ri il\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Bel\u0259 bir ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yeri tez qurulur, miqrasiya zaman\u0131 yaln\u0131z d\u0259ril\u0259r da\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Tunquslar\u0131n istifad\u0259 etdiyi iki qanadl\u0131 avarl\u0131 kayak tipli a\u011fcaqay\u0131n qab\u0131\u011f\u0131 qay\u0131qlar\u0131 Sibir \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oxsayl\u0131 d\u00f6ng\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n asanl\u0131qla ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k yolu uzun saatlarla v\u0259 g\u00fcnl\u0259rl\u0259 q\u0131sald\u0131r. Maral minm\u0259k daha \u00e7ox y\u00fckl\u00fc maral\u0131 s\u00fcrm\u0259k dem\u0259kdir [\u0420\u044b\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0432, 1995, s. 171].<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t tunqus-mancur tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n miqrasiyas\u0131 v\u0259 aborigen \u0259halinin assimilyasiyas\u0131 prosesi n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Evenl\u0259r-Lamutlar, Negidallar, Oro\u00e7onlar, Oroklar, Uli\u00e7l\u0259r, Solonlar, Hamniqanlar kimi xalqlar\u0131n XVII \u0259srd\u0259 formala\u015fmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olmu\u015fdur. Tunquslar\u0131n sonralar Kam\u00e7atka, Saxalin, Primorye, Daxili Monqolustan v\u0259 Man\u00e7uriyaya ax\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flay\u0131b. H\u0259tta daha sonra, 18-ci \u0259srd\u0259 Evenkl\u0259r \u015fimala Anabara, Kol\u0131ma v\u0259 \u0130ndigirka \u00e7aylar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 n\u00fcfuz etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131blar. Vilyuisk Tunquslar\u0131n\u0131n miqrasiyas\u0131n\u0131n qay\u0131d\u0131\u015f dal\u011falar\u0131 Olekma v\u0259 Vitim\u0259 t\u0259sir etdi v\u0259 Amur b\u00f6lg\u0259sinin \u015fimal\u0131na gedib \u00e7atd\u0131. H\u0259l\u0259 \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r Tunquslar Q\u0259rbi Sibir\u0259 \u00e7ataraq uzaq y\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fl\u0259r etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tunqus dill\u0259ri Altay dil ail\u0259sin\u0259 m\u0259nsubdur. Onlar\u0131n dili Sibird\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan monqol v\u0259 t\u00fcrk dill\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7ox yax\u0131nd\u0131r. 1644-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Pekini (\u00c7ini) idar\u0259 edibl\u0259r. Mancurlar 1683-c\u00fc<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":56061,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arasdirma"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56057","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=56057"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56057\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56062,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56057\/revisions\/56062"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/56061"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=56057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=56057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=56057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}