{"id":99418,"date":"2024-04-26T14:10:32","date_gmt":"2024-04-26T10:10:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=99418"},"modified":"2024-04-26T14:10:33","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T10:10:33","slug":"kosmik-yanilmalar-kainat-haqda-elmin-x%c9%99talari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=99418","title":{"rendered":"Kosmik yan\u0131lmalar — kainat haqda elmin x\u0259talar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Elm sah\u0259sind\u0259ki yenilikl\u0259r\u0259 dair x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259\u015fmi\u015fik v\u0259 bu g\u00fcn onlar\u0131 t\u0259bii q\u0259bul edirik. N\u0259 \u0130lon Mask\u0131n raketl\u0259ri, n\u0259 genom texnologiyalar\u0131, n\u0259 d\u0259 bir protonun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnd\u0259n 10000 d\u0259f\u0259 ki\u00e7ik bir g\u00fczg\u00fc s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcrm\u0259si il\u0259 qeyd\u0259 al\u0131na bil\u0259n cazib\u0259 dal\u011falar\u0131 bizi t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u0259ndir\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Halbuki, \u00e7ox yox, iyirmic\u0259 il \u0259vv\u0259l bu g\u00fcn bildikl\u0259rimizin ger\u00e7\u0259k olaca\u011f\u0131na ancaq \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck optimistl\u0259r inana bil\u0259rdi.M\u00fcasir elmin buzq\u0131ran g\u0259mi kimi, dem\u0259k olar ki, qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndak\u0131 mane\u0259l\u0259ri g\u00f6rm\u0259d\u0259n ir\u0259lil\u0259diyi haqda aldad\u0131c\u0131 bir t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr var. Bu stereotip, \u0259sas\u0259n elmi nailiyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n dan\u0131\u015fma\u011f\u0131, u\u011fursuzluqlar haqda is\u0259 susma\u011f\u0131 ad\u0259t etmi\u015f d\u0259rslikl\u0259r v\u0259 media say\u0259sind\u0259 formala\u015f\u0131b.<\/span><\/a>M\u0259hz bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n, G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f\u0259 Merkurid\u0259n yax\u0131n olan Vulkan planetini, vakuumda efiri, yaxud madd\u0259d\u0259 bo\u015flu\u011fu axtaran fizikl\u0259r haqda \u00e7ox x\u0259b\u0259r tutmuruq. El\u0259 is\u0259, g\u0259lin t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcrl\u0259rimiz\u0259 d\u00fcz\u0259li\u015f ver\u0259k v\u0259 bu g\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131q-a\u015fkar g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n, bilin\u0259n \u015feyl\u0259rin d\u0259rkin\u0259 aparan yollar\u0131n, \u0259slind\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r tikanl\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlama\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015faq.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astronomlar da insand\u0131r, insan is\u0259 s\u0259hv ed\u0259 bil\u0259r<\/strong>
400 ild\u0259n d\u0259 xeyli \u0259vv\u0259l, Qalileo Qaliley \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcz\u0259ltdiyi teleskopu s\u0259ma cisiml\u0259rin\u0259 tu\u015flad\u0131. M\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 durbinl\u0259ri \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r d\u0259 m\u00f6vcud idi, lakin o, ilk d\u0259f\u0259 silahlanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zl\u0259 astronomik m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 apar\u0131rd\u0131. Yupiterin d\u00f6rd \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck peykini, G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fd\u0259ki l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri, Aydak\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 k\u0259\u015ff ed\u0259n italyan alim, Samanyoluna teleskopla baxd\u0131qda onun y\u00fcz minl\u0259rl\u0259 ulduzdan ibar\u0259t oldu\u011funu da m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etdi. Kils\u0259nin t\u0259qibl\u0259rin\u0259 baxmayaraq, onun k\u0259\u015ffl\u0259ri d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259sini k\u00f6k\u00fcnd\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015fdirdi.
Ulduz formal\u0131 d\u00f6rd cismin Yupiter \u0259traf\u0131nda f\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u0259n Qalileo, bunu haql\u0131 olaraq Yerin v\u0259 dig\u0259r planetl\u0259rin G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f \u0259traf\u0131nda d\u00f6nm\u0259sinin (heliosentrizm) ba\u015fqa bir t\u0259sdiqi kimi qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirdi. Lakin ba\u015fqa bir astronom, onun \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 olan Simon Marius, ox\u015far teleskopla v\u0259 eyni peykl\u0259ri m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259, \u0259ks n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259ldi. O, Yerin G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f sistemind\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi m\u00f6vqey\u0259 malik oldu\u011funa q\u0259na\u0259t g\u0259tirdi. \u018flav\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259r is\u0259 Qalileyin haql\u0131 oldu\u011funu t\u0259sdiql\u0259yirdi v\u0259 bu, h\u0259l\u0259 ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kometalar harada u\u00e7ur?<\/strong>Bu g\u00fcn h\u0259r bir savadl\u0131 insan, kometa n\u0259dir sual\u0131na, G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin \u00e7evr\u0259sind\u0259ki orbitd\u0259 f\u0131rlanan \u00e7irkli \u201cqartopudur\u201d cavab\u0131n\u0131 ver\u0259c\u0259k. M\u0259\u015fhur \u201cquyruq\u201d is\u0259 onun buraxd\u0131\u011f\u0131 madd\u0259 \u2013 qaz v\u0259 tozdur. B\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259, kims\u0259, b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259tin bu yax\u0131nlarda kosmik g\u0259mini \u00c7uryumov-Gerasimenko kometas\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcv\u0259sin\u0259 endirm\u0259yi bacard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da xat\u0131rlayacaq.
Lakin n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almal\u0131y\u0131q ki, bir zamanlar \u201cquyruqlu qonaqlar\u0131n\u201c atmosfer hadis\u0259si, bulud yaxud ild\u0131r\u0131m oldu\u011funa inananlar da olub.
Zaman-zaman g\u00f6y \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n kometalar h\u0259l\u0259 q\u0259dim d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259 insanlar\u0131n diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb edib. Onlar bu qeyri-adi, uzun v\u0259 \u0259yrix\u0259tli parlaq qatarlardan sehrl\u0259nir, t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u0259nir v\u0259 qorxurdular. Bir \u00e7ox m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259td\u0259 quyruqlu ulduz b\u0259d \u0259lam\u0259t kimi q\u0259bul edilir; m\u00fcharib\u0259l\u0259rin, epidemiyalar\u0131n v\u0259 ya acl\u0131\u011f\u0131n x\u0259b\u0259r\u00e7isi kimi yozulurdu. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 g\u00f6yd\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n hadis\u0259l\u0259rin s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259ri \u00e7ox da maraqland\u0131rm\u0131rd\u0131, onlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu hadis\u0259l\u0259rin gizli m\u0259nas\u0131 vacib idi, \u0259cdadlar\u0131m\u0131z g\u00f6yd\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259nl\u0259rin h\u00f6kmdara n\u0259 dediyini, xalqa n\u0259 v\u0259d etdiyini anlama\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131lar.
Bir \u00e7ox ba\u015fqa sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi, h\u0259r \u015feyin mahiyy\u0259tin\u0259 varma\u011fa, dibin\u0259 enm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yunanl\u0131lar bu i\u015fd\u0259 d\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259ndil\u0259r.
Yunan filosoflar\u0131 kometan\u0131n n\u0259 oldu\u011funa dair suala, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif cavablar verdil\u0259r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Pifaqorun ard\u0131c\u0131llar\u0131 bu s\u0259ma cisiml\u0259rinin g\u00f6yd\u0259 g\u0259zi\u015f\u0259n planetl\u0259rl\u0259 eyni oldu\u011funu hesab edirdil\u0259r.
Pontili Heraklid is\u0259, kometalar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f \u015f\u00fcalar\u0131 il\u0259 ayd\u0131nlanan, \u00e7ox h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fckd\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n buludlar oldu\u011funa inan\u0131rd\u0131. Anaksaqor da bu s\u0259ma cisiml\u0259rinin planet oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc.
Bu g\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar biz\u0259 g\u00fclm\u0259li g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259 bil\u0259r, lakin unutmamal\u0131y\u0131q ki, yunan filosoflar\u0131n\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131 kometalar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259si il\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmurdu, \u00e7oxlar\u0131n\u0131n da onlar bar\u0259d\u0259 qeyri-m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n fikirl\u0259ri, yozumlar\u0131 vard\u0131.
\u018fn geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f n\u0259z\u0259r n\u00f6qt\u0259si, kometalar\u0131 x\u00fcsusi bir atmosfer fenomeni hesab ed\u0259n Aristotel\u0259 m\u0259xsus idi. Onun fikrinc\u0259, Yerd\u0259n daim y\u00fcks\u0259l\u0259n quru isti v\u0259 n\u0259m soyuq buxarlar, \u00e7ox h\u00fcnd\u00fcr m\u0259saf\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 qal\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r v\u0259 daha sonra G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f v\u0259 ulduzlar\u0131n istiliyinin t\u0259siri il\u0259 yaranan laxtalar alovlan\u0131r. El\u0259 h\u0259min anda da, g\u00f6yd\u0259 \u201ckometalar\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Buxarla\u015fma dayananda, onlar t\u0259dric\u0259n solma\u011fa ba\u015flay\u0131r.
Bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259d\u0259n bel\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn kometalar planetimizin bilavasit\u0259 yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ay il\u0259 Yer aras\u0131nda u\u00e7ur. \u018fslind\u0259, Aristotelin kosmoloji t\u0259liminin mahiyy\u0259ti d\u0259 el\u0259 budur \u2013 g\u00f6yd\u0259 n\u0259 ba\u015f verirs\u0259, ham\u0131s\u0131 Yer\u0259 \u00e7ox yax\u0131n m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 ba\u015f verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kosmosun \u00f6z\u00fc, yaxud Ay il\u0259 Yer aras\u0131ndak\u0131 al\u0259m is\u0259 \u0259b\u0259didir v\u0259 bu al\u0259md\u0259 he\u00e7 n\u0259, he\u00e7 vaxt d\u0259yi\u015fmir.
Aristotelin fikirl\u0259ri xristian ilahiyyat m\u0259kt\u0259bin\u0259 g\u00fccl\u00fc t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. Onun b\u00fct\u00fcn kosmologiyas\u0131 yegan\u0259 h\u0259qiq\u0259t elan edilmi\u015f v\u0259 dahi yunanl\u0131 qeydsiz-\u015f\u0259rtsiz, m\u00fcbahis\u0259siz n\u00fcfuz qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Bu da \u00f6z n\u00f6vb\u0259sind\u0259, t\u0259xmin\u0259n 2000 il boyunca, kainat\u0131n t\u0259dqiqat\u0131n\u0131, elmi inki\u015faf\u0131 \u0259ng\u0259ll\u0259di.
Maraql\u0131d\u0131r ki, Aristotelin \u00f6z\u00fc, bir \u00e7ox davam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan f\u0259rqli olaraq doqma sahibi deyildi. S\u0259hv ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yini v\u0259 insanlar\u0131n n\u0259 vaxtsa s\u0259ma cisiml\u0259rinin t\u0259bi\u0259tini daha d\u0259qiq izah ed\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259rini \u00f6z\u00fc etiraf edirdi.
Kometalara olan h\u0259qiqi m\u0259saf\u0259 yaln\u0131z 16-c\u0131 \u0259srd\u0259, danimarkal\u0131 astronom Tycho Brahe say\u0259sind\u0259 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259c\u0259kdi. Alimin \u00f6z\u00fc olduqca epataj xarakterli, impulsiv adam idi, ictimai r\u0259y\u0259 meydan oxumaqdan z\u00f6vq al\u0131rd\u0131, bu da ona b\u0259z\u0259n \u00e7ox baha ba\u015fa g\u0259lirdi. Brahe duell\u0259rd\u0259n birind\u0259 burnunun ucunu itirmi\u015f v\u0259 \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna q\u0259d\u0259r protez taxma\u011fa m\u0259cbur qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.
1577-ci ilin noyabr\u0131nda s\u0259mada g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n parlaq bir kometa \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi olaraq, c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 t\u0259la\u015f v\u0259 qorxu yaratd\u0131. Brahe, dig\u0259r astronomlar kimi d\u0259rhal m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 aparma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131 v\u0259 kometan\u0131n ulduzlara nisb\u0259tl\u0259 yerini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Avropada yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk r\u0259s\u0259dxana, y\u0259ni yaln\u0131z g\u00f6y cisiml\u0259rinin \u00f6yr\u0259nilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015f x\u00fcsusi bir bina, alimin ixtiyar\u0131na verilmi\u015fdi. Uraniborq adlanan bu r\u0259s\u0259dxana, Kral II Frederik t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n astronoma h\u0259diyy\u0259 edil\u0259n Ven adas\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015firdi. O d\u00f6vrd\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 teleskop olmasa da, ulduzlar\u0131n m\u00f6vqeyini kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259qiqlikl\u0259 t\u0259yin etm\u0259y\u0259 imkan ver\u0259n al\u0259tl\u0259r art\u0131q m\u00f6vcud idi.
Kometaya q\u0259d\u0259r olan m\u0259saf\u0259ni t\u0259xmin etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Brahe 1577-ci ild\u0259, Avropan\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif yerl\u0259rind\u0259 apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 dair materiallar\u0131 toplad\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131 \u00f6z m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 ed\u0259r\u0259k, kometan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn hallarda g\u00f6y\u00fcn eyni n\u00f6qt\u0259sind\u0259 \u201csabit\u201d qald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fkar etdi. Bu, Aristotelin d\u00fcnya m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259sinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc idi.
Avtomobill\u0259 s\u0259yah\u0259t etdiyinizi, p\u0259nc\u0259r\u0259d\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259ni izl\u0259diyinizi t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr edin. Yola yax\u0131n olan evl\u0259r v\u0259 a\u011faclar bir g\u00f6z q\u0131rp\u0131m\u0131nda yoxa \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Ancaq xeyli uzaq m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n obyektl\u0259ri uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t g\u00f6r\u0259 bilirsiniz. \u00c7ox-\u00e7ox uzaqlarda olan da\u011flar v\u0259 ya buludlar is\u0259 sanki \u201cyerl\u0259rind\u0259n t\u0259rp\u0259nmir\u201d.
Bel\u0259likl\u0259, cisiml\u0259ri m\u00fcxt\u0259lif uzaql\u0131qlardan m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259, onlara olan m\u0259saf\u0259ni t\u0259xmin etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 n\u00f6qt\u0259sind\u0259n Aya baxanda g\u00f6r\u0259c\u0259ksiniz ki, ulduzlar\u0131n m\u00f6vqeyin\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n, Ay\u0131n yeri d\u0259yi\u015fir, \u00e7\u00fcnki Ay biz\u0259 yax\u0131n, ulduqlar is\u0259 uzaqd\u0131r. Dem\u0259li, Avropan\u0131n h\u0259r yerind\u0259n eyni n\u00f6qt\u0259d\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u0259n kometa, Aydan \u00e7ox uzaqda yerl\u0259\u015firdi, bu is\u0259 o dem\u0259kdir ki, onun Yerin atmosferi il\u0259 he\u00e7 bir \u0259laq\u0259si yoxdur. Bu q\u0259na\u0259t he\u00e7 d\u0259 h\u0259r k\u0259sin xo\u015funa g\u0259lm\u0259di v\u0259 \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259t Aristotel f\u0259rziyy\u0259sinin bu t\u0259kzibin\u0259 g\u00f6z yumaraq, onun d\u00fcnya m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259sinin m\u00fchafiz\u0259 v\u0259 m\u00fcdafi\u0259sind\u0259 israr etdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neulium-un sirri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1842-ci ild\u0259 pozitivizmin qurucusu Auguste Conte, ulduzlarla G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin kimy\u0259vi t\u0259rkibini n\u00fcmun\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k, b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259tin he\u00e7 vaxt bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yi \u015feyl\u0259rin oldu\u011funu elan etdi: \u201cFormalar\u0131n\u0131, onlara olan m\u0259saf\u0259ni, k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259rini v\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rini nec\u0259s\u0259 t\u0259yin ed\u0259r\u0259k ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fck, lakin kimy\u0259vi v\u0259 mineral t\u0259rkibl\u0259ri haqda he\u00e7 vaxt, he\u00e7 bir \u015fey \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259 bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yik.\u201d 19-cu \u0259srin birinci yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu, ba\u015fad\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u0259n m\u00f6vqe idi. Elm adamlar\u0131 onsuz da ulduzlar\u0131n Yerd\u0259n \u00e7ox uzaqda oldu\u011funu v\u0259 onlar\u0131n t\u0259rkibinin ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul edirdil\u0259r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"kainat<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ancaq t\u0259\u0259cc\u00fcbl\u00fcs\u00fc odur ki, art\u0131q 1859-cu ild\u0259 Qustav Kirxhoff d\u0259rc etdiyi \u201cFraunhofer x\u0259tl\u0259ri haqq\u0131nda\u201d adl\u0131 q\u0131sa m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259, g\u00f6y cisiml\u0259rin\u0259 \u201ctoxunmadan\u201d onlar\u0131n ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0259svir etmi\u015fdi. Elmi inki\u015faf\u0131n yeni d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an spektral analiz, bel\u0259 meydana \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131.
\u0130\u015f\u0131q v\u0259 prizma il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r 13-c\u00fc \u0259srd\u0259 Roger Bacon t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n apar\u0131lsa da, yaln\u0131z Isaac Newton onlar\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u015f\u0259rh ed\u0259 bilmi\u015fdi. 1704-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u201cOptika\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259\u015fr ed\u0259n Newton, a\u011f i\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 komponentl\u0259r\u0259 ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rinin n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rini ictimaiyy\u0259t\u0259 t\u0259qdim etdi. Newton g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f \u015f\u00fcalar\u0131n\u0131n spektrl\u0259rind\u0259ki r\u0259ngl\u0259rin, onlar\u0131n ke\u00e7diyi prizman\u0131n deyil, i\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6z x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti oldu\u011funu s\u00fcbut etdi.
T\u0259xmin\u0259n 100 il sonra g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f spektrind\u0259 q\u0259rib\u0259 t\u00fcnd x\u0259tl\u0259r a\u015fkar edildi. Alman fiziki Josef Fraunhofer 500-d\u0259n art\u0131q bel\u0259 x\u0259tt saym\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Ancaq onlar\u0131n n\u0259 m\u0259naya g\u0259ldiyini, Kirxhoffa q\u0259d\u0259r he\u00e7 kim ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u0259 bilm\u0259di.
X\u0259tl\u0259rin birm\u0259nal\u0131 olaraq kimy\u0259vi elementl\u0259ri xarakteriz\u0259 etm\u0259si, sonralar \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xacaqd\u0131.
O d\u00f6vrd\u0259 b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox m\u00fczakir\u0259 edil\u0259n hadis\u0259, G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin atmosferind\u0259ki yeni elementin \u2013 heliumun k\u0259\u015ffi idi. Frans\u0131z alimi Pierre Janssen 18 Avqust 1868-ci ild\u0259 Hindistan\u0131n G\u00fcntur \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 tam g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edirdi. Al\u0131nan spektrl\u0259ri ara\u015fd\u0131ran zaman, bilin\u0259n he\u00e7 bir kimy\u0259vi element\u0259 aid olmayan \u00e7ox parlaq sar\u0131 bir x\u0259tt diqq\u0259tini \u00e7\u0259kdi. Janssen il\u0259, dem\u0259k olar ki, eyni vaxtda ingilis astronom Norman Lockyer d\u0259 o x\u0259tti f\u0259rq etmi\u015fdi. Yeni element\u0259 yunanca \u201chelium\u201d ad\u0131 verildi (H\u0113lios \u2013 \u201cG\u00fcn\u0259\u015f\u201d). Yer \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259 is\u0259 h\u0259min element yaln\u0131z 27 il sonra, mineral klevitin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 zaman\u0131 a\u015fkar edil\u0259c\u0259kdi.
Heliumla \u0259ld\u0259 edil\u0259n u\u011fur, \u201c\u00f6z\u201d kimy\u0259vi elementl\u0259rini a\u015fkarlamaq ist\u0259y\u0259n bir \u00e7ox t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131ya ilham verib h\u0259v\u0259sl\u0259ndirdi. Ax\u0131, bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kosmik cisiml\u0259rin spektrl\u0259rind\u0259, laboratoriya qazlar\u0131nda tap\u0131lanlarla \u00fcst-\u00fcst\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259y\u0259n x\u0259tl\u0259rin a\u015fkar edilm\u0259si kifay\u0259t idi. Bel\u0259 x\u0259tl\u0259r h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 tap\u0131lacaqd\u0131.
M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, 7 Avqust 1869-cu ild\u0259 \u015eimali Amerikada bir tutulma hadis\u0259sini m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 ed\u0259n William Harkness v\u0259 Charles Young G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f tac\u0131 spektrinin ya\u015f\u0131l hiss\u0259sind\u0259, z\u0259if \u015f\u00fcalanan x\u0259tti a\u015fkar etdil\u0259r.
Helium \u0259hvalat\u0131nda oldu\u011fu kimi, bu x\u0259tt d\u0259 o zamana q\u0259d\u0259r bilin\u0259n madd\u0259l\u0259rin he\u00e7 birin\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lmirdi v\u0259 elm adamlar\u0131, m\u0259ntiqi olaraq, \u201ckoronium\u201d adland\u0131rd\u0131qlar\u0131 yeni bir elementin tap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcman etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bunun ard\u0131nca yer minerallar\u0131nda uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u201ca\u00e7\u0131q\u201d madd\u0259 axtar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da davam etdirildi. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, koroniumun hidrogend\u0259n daha y\u00fcng\u00fcl, inert bir qaz oldu\u011funu hesab ed\u0259n Dmitri Mendeleyev, ona \u00f6z d\u00f6vri c\u0259dv\u0259lind\u0259, s\u0131f\u0131r qrupunun birinci s\u0131ras\u0131nda yer verdi.
G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f tac\u0131ndan ba\u015fqa, uzaq kosmik obyektl\u0259rd\u0259 d\u0259 yeni kimy\u0259vi element axtar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 s\u0259ngimirdi. Koroniumla dem\u0259k olar ki, eyni vaxtda planetar dumanl\u0131q deyil\u0259n spektrl\u0259rd\u0259 qeyri-adi x\u0259tl\u0259r a\u015fkarlanm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 element\u0259 lat\u0131n dilind\u0259 \u201cnebulium\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015fdi (nebula \u2013 \u201cduman, dumanl\u0131q\u201d).
B\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259yl\u0259r\u0259 baxmayaraq, heliumdan f\u0259rqli olaraq koronium v\u0259 nebulium daim aliml\u0259rin \u0259lind\u0259n s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fcb qa\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131. Bu elementl\u0259rin kosmosda niy\u0259 \u00e7ox oldu\u011funu, Yer \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259 is\u0259 nadir tap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izah ed\u0259n bir \u00e7ox f\u0259rziyy\u0259 ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. Lakin anla\u015f\u0131lmayam madd\u0259l\u0259rin sirri yaln\u0131z iyirminci \u0259srin 30-cu ill\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u0259c\u0259kdi.
M\u0259lum oldu ki, bunlar kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kimy\u0259vi elementl\u0259r olan hidrogen, oksigen, d\u0259mir v\u0259 nikeldir, sad\u0259c\u0259 qeyri-adi \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 olduqlar\u0131ndan, anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131rlar.
\u00d6lm\u0259kd\u0259 olan ulduzlar\u0131n s\u0259thl\u0259rind\u0259n qalxan dumanl\u0131qlarda v\u0259 G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f tac\u0131nda madd\u0259 olduqca a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 s\u0131xl\u0131\u011fa malikdir. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n d\u0259 Yerd\u0259ki laboratoriyalarda \u00e7\u0259tin g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u0259n x\u0259tl\u0259r m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilir. Bu q\u0259d\u0259r y\u00fcks\u0259k vakuum v\u0259ziyy\u0259tini s\u00fcni \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259k is\u0259, sad\u0259c\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyildi. Y\u0259ni t\u0259bi\u0259t bir h\u0259l\u0259 m\u00fcdd\u0259t d\u0259 b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259ti barma\u011f\u0131na dolayacaqd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f v\u0259 Yerin \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u0259ri n\u0259dir?<\/strong>\u00c7\u0259tin suald\u0131r. \u018fg\u0259r ikinci obyektin ya\u015f\u0131 geologiya metodlar\u0131ndan istifad\u0259 edil\u0259r\u0259k \u00f6yr\u0259nil\u0259 bil\u0259rs\u0259, birinci obyektl\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 daha m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259bdir: \u00e7\u00fcnki, \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 g\u0259r\u0259k G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 n\u0259 oldu\u011funu v\u0259 n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn i\u015f\u0131q sa\u00e7d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayaq.
Teleskopun ixtiras\u0131ndan v\u0259 g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rinin a\u015fkarlanmas\u0131ndan sonra onlar\u0131n t\u0259bi\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olduqca maraql\u0131 f\u0259rziyy\u0259l\u0259r ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, ulduzumuzun m\u00f6hk\u0259m bir cisim, \u00e7ox isti bir atmosfer\u0259 malik olan n\u0259h\u0259ng \u201cplanet\u201d oldu\u011fu f\u0259rziyy\u0259si ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Parlaq i\u015f\u0131q isti buludlar, l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r is\u0259 bulud qat\u0131ndak\u0131 yar\u0131qlard\u0131r, yar\u0131qlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan is\u0259 soyuq s\u0259thi g\u00f6rm\u0259k olar!
B\u0259zi m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r f\u0259rqli bir versiyada israr etdil\u0259r: l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f vulkanlar\u0131n\u0131n p\u00fcsk\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259ridir.
Ulduzumuzun m\u00f6hk\u0259m bir cisim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1630-cu ild\u0259, alman astronom Kristofer \u015eayner l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin qeyri-b\u0259rab\u0259r d\u00f6nd\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc, s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259rinin is\u0259 helioqrafik enliy\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u015fkar ed\u0259nd\u0259 m\u0259lum oldu: l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin ekvatoruna n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r yax\u0131nd\u0131rsa, bir o q\u0259d\u0259r s\u00fcr\u0259tli d\u00f6n\u00fcrl\u0259r.
Lakin G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin parlaql\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sirri elm adamlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259 davam edir, \u0259traf al\u0259m haqq\u0131nda m\u0259lumatlar topland\u0131qca, g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f enerjisinin m\u0259nb\u0259yi haqdak\u0131 fikirl\u0259r d\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015firdi.
Alman t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 Robert Mayer enerjinin qorunmas\u0131 qanununu yaradanlardan biridir. O hesab edirdi ki, G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f daim \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n meteoritl\u0259rin kinetik enerjisi say\u0259sind\u0259 par\u0131lday\u0131r. Bu f\u0259rziyy\u0259 uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t ciddi q\u0259bul edilm\u0259di, baxmayaraq ki, bu g\u00fcn ox\u015far bir prosesin \u2013 akkresiyan\u0131n \u2013 ulduzlar\u0131n v\u0259 planetl\u0259rin t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fcnd\u0259 m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131q bilirik. Lakin, sar\u0131 c\u0131rtdan\u0131m\u0131z yen\u0259 d\u0259 bu \u201cyanacaqla\u201d i\u015fl\u0259mir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman alim Hermann Helmholtz-a g\u00f6r\u0259 G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin ba\u015fqa bir \u201cbatareyas\u0131\u201d var: cazib\u0259 mexanizminin t\u0259siri il\u0259 i\u015f\u0131q sa\u00e7an G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f t\u0259dric\u0259n daral\u0131r v\u0259 bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck miqdarda enerji s\u0259rb\u0259st burax\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin d\u0259 yaln\u0131z on milyonlarla il boyunca i\u015f\u0131q sa\u00e7a bil\u0259c\u0259yi iddia edilirdi.Bu bax\u0131\u015f, o d\u00f6vr\u00fcn m\u00f6vcud t\u0259kam\u00fcl biologiyas\u0131 elmi il\u0259 ziddiyy\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi, \u00e7\u00fcnki bel\u0259 olan halda, Yerin b\u00fct\u00fcn tarixi zaman bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0259n az\u0131 10 d\u0259f\u0259 q\u0131sald\u0131lmal\u0131 idi.
Astronomlar v\u0259 bioloqlar il\u0259 geoloqlar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u00fcbahis\u0259l\u0259r radioaktivlik a\u015fkarlanana q\u0259d\u0259r davam etdi. Bel\u0259c\u0259, radioizotop tarix\u00e7\u0259si il\u0259 Yerin ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n milyardlarla il oldu\u011fu, G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin is\u0259 he\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259siz ki, ondan cavan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fkarland\u0131.
Ulduzlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn enerji m\u0259nb\u0259yi axtar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 h\u0259l\u0259 uzun ill\u0259r davam ed\u0259c\u0259kdi. Bu problemin son h\u0259lli yaln\u0131z iyirminci \u0259srin 30-cu ill\u0259rind\u0259 n\u00fcv\u0259 fizikas\u0131 v\u0259 kvant mexanikas\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131 say\u0259sind\u0259 tap\u0131ld\u0131. Termo-n\u00fcv\u0259 reaksiyalar\u0131n\u0131n \u2013 hidrogenin heliuma v\u0259 daha a\u011f\u0131r elementl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7evrilm\u0259sinin \u2013 G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f v\u0259 ulduzlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn enerji m\u0259nb\u0259yi olmas\u0131 fakt\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6yd\u0259n da\u015flar ya\u011fa bilm\u0259z!<\/strong>
Kosmicheskie-zabluzhdeniya-6-640×64018-ci \u0259srin elm adamlar\u0131 il\u0259 bir m\u0259clis\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fs\u0259ydiniz, e\u015fid\u0259rdiniz ki, meteoritl\u0259r uydurmad\u0131r, onlar haqda deyil\u0259nl\u0259r q\u0259r\u0259zlidir, onlar\u0131n t\u0259dqiq edilm\u0259sind\u0259n is\u0259 s\u00f6hb\u0259t ged\u0259 bilm\u0259z. B\u0259s, bu nec\u0259 ola bil\u0259r? Ax\u0131, astronomiya v\u0259 dig\u0259r \u0259laq\u0259li f\u0259nl\u0259rin inki\u015faf\u0131 il\u0259 kainat haqq\u0131nda bilikl\u0259r d\u0259 daim artmal\u0131 idi!? G\u00fcnah Fransa Elml\u0259r Akademiyas\u0131nda idi.
Q\u0259dim d\u00f6vrl\u0259rd\u0259n b\u0259ri insanlar meteoritl\u0259ri \u00f6z m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edibl\u0259r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, filizd\u0259n d\u0259mir \u00e7\u0131xarma\u011f\u0131 bacarmayan insan, d\u0259mirin yegan\u0259 m\u0259nb\u0259yini g\u00f6yd\u0259n d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n da\u015flarda g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc. O zamanlar d\u0259mir b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259n bahal\u0131 metal idi, ondan h\u0259tta z\u0259rg\u0259rlik m\u0259mulatlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlan\u0131rd\u0131.
D\u0259mir silahlar da yava\u015f-yava\u015f peyda olma\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131, lakin he\u00e7 k\u0259s h\u0259min silahlarla d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u0259 girm\u0259y\u0259 c\u0259sar\u0259t etmirdi, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar h\u0259diyy\u0259lik, yaxud status bildir\u0259n \u0259\u015fyalar kimi q\u0259bul edilir, itirildikd\u0259 is\u0259 s\u0259rv\u0259t itirilirdi.
Arxeoloqlar\u0131n Firon Tutanxamunun m\u0259zar\u0131nda tapd\u0131qlar\u0131 mumiyan\u0131n sa\u011f buduna b\u0259nd edilmi\u015f, q\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 sap\u0131 q\u0131z\u0131ldan olsa da, tiy\u0259si meteorit d\u0259mirind\u0259n haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, \u201cstatus\u201d bildir\u0259n b\u0131\u00e7aq kimi.
Orta \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 meteoritl\u0259rin m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 do\u011furmurdu, h\u0259tta onlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259 hallar\u0131 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif xronka v\u0259 salnam\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259svir edilib. XV \u0259srin sonunda Elzas\u0131n Ensisheim q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259sind\u0259 g\u00fclm\u0259li bir epizod ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259 sakinl\u0259ri g\u00f6yd\u0259n bir cismin yer\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 \u015fahid olmu\u015fdular. Alman satirik, \u201cAxmaqlar\u0131n g\u0259misi\u201dnin m\u00fc\u0259llifi Sebastian Brandt, bu meteorit d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259sini \u201cDer Donnerstein von Ensisheim\u201d bro\u015furas\u0131nda da t\u0259svir edib. Bir ehtimala g\u00f6r\u0259 is\u0259, r\u0259ssam Albrecht Durer d\u0259 h\u0259min hadis\u0259ni \u201cM\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s \u0130eronim \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259\u201d r\u0259sminin arxa \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kib.
R\u0259vay\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 meteoriti g\u00f6rm\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n ershersoq Maksimilian (M\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s Roma \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k imperatoru) s\u0259ma da\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u0259h\u0259r m\u0259b\u0259dinin divar\u0131na z\u0259ncirl\u0259nm\u0259sini \u0259mr etmi\u015fdi, \u00e7\u00fcnki onun t\u0259z\u0259d\u0259n g\u00f6y\u0259 u\u00e7a bil\u0259c\u0259yind\u0259n qorxurdu.
M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 oras\u0131ndad\u0131r ki, meteoritl\u0259r d\u0259 kometl\u0259r kimi atmosferd\u0259ki prosesl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259li fenomen kimi q\u0259bul edilirdi. Ancaq art\u0131q 18-ci \u0259srd\u0259 g\u00f6yd\u0259ki bu cismil\u0259rin m\u0259nb\u0259yinin yerd\u0259ki buxarlar, vulkanlar olmas\u0131 fikrind\u0259n yay\u0131nmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. 1768-ci ild\u0259 Fransa Elml\u0259r Akademiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131lan x\u00fcsusi bir komissiya, sirli q\u0259mb\u0259r da\u015flar\u0131n atmosfer v\u0259 ya vulkanik m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li olmas\u0131 versiyas\u0131n\u0131 r\u0259dd ets\u0259 d\u0259, kosmos bar\u0259d\u0259 bir s\u00f6z dem\u0259mi\u015fdi. Aliml\u0259rin s\u0259hvi, meteoritl\u0259rin kosmosdan g\u0259lm\u0259si versiyas\u0131n\u0131 r\u0259dd etm\u0259l\u0259ri olmu\u015fdu. N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u015fahidl\u0259rl\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u0259mi\u015f, maddi s\u00fcbutlara bax\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, meteorit is\u0259 piritl\u0259 z\u0259ngin qumda\u015f\u0131na ild\u0131r\u0131m vurmas\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259si kimi izah edilmi\u015fdi.
Lakin v\u0259ziyy\u0259t \u00e7ox q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra d\u0259yi\u015fdi. 18-ci \u0259srin sonlar\u0131nda s\u0259thd\u0259 tap\u0131lan da\u015flar\u0131n ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, meteoritl\u0259rin g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fckl\u0259ri h\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fck v\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259rinin m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 xeyli m\u0259lumat, fakt topland\u0131 v\u0259 m\u0259lum oldu ki, meteoritl\u0259rin m\u0259nb\u0259yi atmosferin s\u0131x qatlar\u0131n\u0131n xaricind\u0259, \u00e7ox uzaqlardad\u0131r. Onlar\u0131 art\u0131q g\u00f6y gurultusu il\u0259 izah etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyildi.
Kosmik qonaqlar\u0131n reabilitasiyas\u0131nda h\u0259lledici rolu, m\u00f6vcud b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 faktlar\u0131 bir araya toplayan alman fiziki Ernst Chladni oynad\u0131. Universitetd\u0259 h\u00fcquq t\u0259hsili alan v\u0259 h\u00fcquq elml\u0259ri doktoru d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259si olan alim, \u015fahid ifad\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k sah\u0259sind\u0259ki z\u0259ngin t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259sini d\u0259 i\u015f\u0259 salaraq, \u0259zml\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131 v\u0259 sonda skeptik h\u0259mkarlar\u0131n\u0131 da da\u015flar\u0131n kosmosdan Yer\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcy\u00fcn\u0259 inand\u0131rma\u011fa m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259q oldu.
B\u0259s, kanallar haradad\u0131r?<\/strong>
1877-ci ild\u0259 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck astronomik hadis\u0259 Mars\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131durmas\u0131 olmu\u015fdu. Bu, G\u00fcn\u0259\u015fin, Yerin v\u0259 Mars\u0131n sanki d\u00fcz bir x\u0259td\u0259 d\u00fcz\u00fclm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u015f verir. Mars\u0131n orbiti yerinkind\u0259n xeyli uzaqda yerl\u0259\u015fdiyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Mars \u00f6z d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fc iki il\u0259 yax\u0131n m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 \u2013 687 g\u00fcnd\u0259 tamamlay\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f \u0259traf\u0131nda daha s\u00fcr\u0259tli h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t ed\u0259n Yer is\u0259, m\u00fct\u0259madi olaraq Mars\u0131 \u201c\u00f6t\u00fcr\u201d. Orbiti bir q\u0259d\u0259r uzansov olan Q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 planet qon\u015fu G\u00fcn\u0259\u015f\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131qda, b\u0259z\u0259n Yer k\u00fcr\u0259si d\u0259 ona \u00e7at\u0131r v\u0259 bu, 15-17 ild\u0259 bir d\u0259f\u0259 ba\u015f verir. Bel\u0259 anlar Mars\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 etm\u0259k, yaxud onun s\u0259thin\u0259 aparatlar g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn optimal say\u0131l\u0131r.
Bel\u0259likl\u0259, Mars\u0131 teleskopla izl\u0259y\u0259n italyan astronom Giovanni Skiaparelli, planet boyunca 60\u00b0 \u015fimal v\u0259 60\u00b0 c\u0259nub enlikl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda kompleks bir \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 meydana g\u0259tir\u0259n q\u0259rib\u0259 uzun x\u0259tl\u0259r k\u0259\u015ff etdi. K\u0259\u015ff geni\u015f ictimaiyy\u0259t\u0259 m\u0259lum olduqda is\u0259, bir \u00e7ox ba\u015fqa elm adamlar\u0131n\u0131n da ox\u015far m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259ni m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 etdikl\u0259ri ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131.
Sonra is\u0259 linqvistik bir kazus ba\u015f verdi. Skiaparelli, k\u0259\u015ff etdiyi x\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 italyan dilind\u0259 canali ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fdi, y\u0259ni \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir kanal. Ancaq termin ingilisc\u0259 v\u0259 dig\u0259r dill\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 edildikd\u0259, \u201cs\u00fcni qaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f su x\u0259tti\u201d (channels) m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.
Bel\u0259likl\u0259 d\u0259, Q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 planetd\u0259 su q\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparan, quraq ekvatorial b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 q\u00fctbl\u0259rd\u0259n su \u00e7\u0259km\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259h\u0259ng kanallar \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si yaradan, y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 inki\u015faf etmi\u015f bir m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu bar\u0259d\u0259 mif ortaya \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131.
Bu ideyalar\u0131n populyarla\u015fmas\u0131nda amerikal\u0131 i\u015f adam\u0131 v\u0259 astronom Persival Lovellin x\u00fcsusi rolu v\u0259 \u0259m\u0259yi var. Mars\u0131 \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259, ba\u015fqa aliml\u0259rin n\u0259\u015frl\u0259rini toplama\u011fa xeyli vaxt s\u0259rf etmi\u015f Lovell, sonda Mars sivilizasiyas\u0131n\u0131n x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri, h\u0259tta yerli sakinl\u0259rin b\u0259d\u0259n qurulu\u015fu haqq\u0131nda kitablar n\u0259\u015fr etdi. T\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcf ki, elmi m\u0259lumatlarla \u00e7ox s\u0259rb\u0259st davranan m\u00fc\u0259llifin \u0259ks\u0259r tezisl\u0259rini, s\u0131rf qon\u015fu planetd\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131n oldu\u011funu h\u0259r vasit\u0259 il\u0259 s\u00fcbut etm\u0259k arzusu dikt\u0259 edirdi.
Mars\u0131n s\u0259thind\u0259ki qaranl\u0131q sah\u0259l\u0259rin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc oldu\u011funa inanan Persival Lovell, d\u0259lil olaraq, ilin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif f\u0259sill\u0259rind\u0259 Mars\u0131n s\u0259thind\u0259ki d\u0259yi\u015fikliy\u0259 i\u015far\u0259 edir, q\u00fctb b\u00f6lg\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n suyun bitkil\u0259ri n\u0259ml\u0259 doydurmas\u0131 v\u0259 bu zaman Marsda yay aylar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 haqda dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.
Lovell\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, oran\u0131n sivilizasiyas\u0131 da bizimkind\u0259n \u00fcst\u00fcn olmal\u0131 idi, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar planetin b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259thini, yerd\u0259ki m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259l\u00e7atmaz olan (d\u00f6vr\u00fcn texnologiyas\u0131 buna imkan vermirdi) kanallarla \u0259hat\u0259 etm\u0259yi bacarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131lar. Yer \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259kil\u0259r yaln\u0131z oradak\u0131 suvar\u0131lan v\u0259 \u0259kilmi\u015f torpaq zolaqlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrl\u0259r, kanal\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc is\u0259 dar oldu\u011fundan v\u0259 qaranl\u0131q bir \u0259razinin ortas\u0131ndan ke\u00e7diyind\u0259n, biz\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcr. H\u0259r bahar Mars floras\u0131 canlan\u0131r v\u0259 buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 ilin bu vaxt\u0131nda q\u00fctbd\u0259n ekvatora qaranl\u0131q bir dal\u011fa yay\u0131l\u0131r.
Kanallar\u0131n fotosunu \u00e7\u0259km\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmurdu, Mars qaranl\u0131q l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri olan parlaq bir disk kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. Hipotezi d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259r is\u0259 bunu yer atmosferinin titr\u0259m\u0259si, bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n d\u0259 ki\u00e7ik detallar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirirdil\u0259r. Bununla da, m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fc kanallar\u0131n say\u0131 h\u0259r d\u0259f\u0259 f\u0259rqli olur, vahid x\u0259rit\u0259 d\u00fcz\u0259ltm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmurdu.
\u0130yirminci \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 bizim g\u00f6rm\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259timizin maraql\u0131 bir x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tini ortaya \u00e7\u0131xaran bir s\u0131ra t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 imza at\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Uzaq m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259n nizams\u0131z l\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 ed\u0259n insan, Mars\u0131n s\u0259thind\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi, d\u00fcz x\u0259tl\u0259r g\u00f6rm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131r.
Q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 planetd\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131n olmas\u0131na dair f\u0259rziyy\u0259y\u0259 da\u011f\u0131d\u0131c\u0131 z\u0259rb\u0259ni vuran \u015f\u0259xs is\u0259, 1907-ci ild\u0259 ingilis t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnas\u0131 Alfred Rassell Vallas oldu. O, Mars\u0131n s\u0259thind\u0259ki temperaturun \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259r g\u00fcman edil\u0259nd\u0259n qat-qat a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcbut etdi. \u00dcst\u0259lik, oradak\u0131 atmosfer t\u0259zyiqi d\u0259, suyun maye hal\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131 istisna ed\u0259c\u0259k q\u0259d\u0259r a\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
Kanal s\u00f6z-s\u00f6hb\u0259tl\u0259ri n\u0259hay\u0259t 1965-ci ild\u0259, Amerika kosmik g\u0259misi Mariner 4 Mars\u0131n s\u0259thinin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u0259rini d\u00fcnyaya \u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259nd\u0259n sonra k\u0259sildi. M\u0259lum oldu ki, Mars Lovellin t\u0259svir etdiyi texnogen v\u0259 k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 inki\u015faf etmi\u015f yerd\u0259n \u00e7ox, quru Aya b\u0259nz\u0259yir.
Lovellin fikirl\u0259ri onun bir \u00e7ox m\u00fcasirini d\u0259 ilhamland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Marsl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00f6vcud olmas\u0131 f\u0259rziyy\u0259si bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131xsa da, \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 planet\u0259 duyulan k\u00fctl\u0259vi heyranl\u0131q say\u0259sind\u0259 Herbert Uellsin \u201cAl\u0259ml\u0259rin d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d v\u0259 Aleksey Tolstoyun \u201cAelita\u201d kimi m\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m \u0259d\u0259bi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.
N\u0259tic\u0259<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elmi bilik b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259t\u0259 \u201cel\u0259 bel\u0259\u201d verilmir. Fenomeni t\u0259svir etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 bir \u00e7ox f\u0259rziyy\u0259 ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr v\u0259 bunlardan yaln\u0131z bir ne\u00e7\u0259si tamh\u00fcquqlu status qazan\u0131r. F\u0259rziyy\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r yolu il\u0259 ya\u015famaq haqq\u0131n\u0131 qazanmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn is\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r uzun zaman t\u0259l\u0259b olunur: m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, cazib\u0259 dal\u011falar\u0131 \u00fcmumi nisbilik \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 t\u0259svir edildikd\u0259n yaln\u0131z 100 il sonra qeyd\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u0130nki\u015faf yolunda \u00e7\u0131xmazlar, dolambaclar, t\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r olur v\u0259 yaln\u0131z elmi metod b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259t\u0259 do\u011fru yolu tapmaqda v\u0259 inki\u015faf etm\u0259kd\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k ed\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Elm sah\u0259sind\u0259ki yenilikl\u0259r\u0259 dair x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259r\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259\u015fmi\u015fik v\u0259 bu g\u00fcn onlar\u0131 t\u0259bii q\u0259bul edirik. N\u0259 \u0130lon Mask\u0131n raketl\u0259ri, n\u0259 genom texnologiyalar\u0131, n\u0259 d\u0259 bir protonun<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":99419,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-99418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gundm"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t