{"id":99628,"date":"2024-05-17T16:53:21","date_gmt":"2024-05-17T12:53:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=99628"},"modified":"2024-05-17T16:53:23","modified_gmt":"2024-05-17T12:53:23","slug":"dinl%c9%99r-nec%c9%99-yaranib","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/?p=99628","title":{"rendered":"\u201cDinl\u0259r Nec\u0259 Yaran\u0131b?\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>1912-ci il dinl\u0259rin elmi ara\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131 sah\u0259sind\u0259 \u00f6n\u0259mli bir il hesab edilir.&nbsp;<strong>Emile Durkheim<\/strong>&nbsp;\u201dFormes \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires de la vie religieuse\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259\u015fr etdi v\u0259&nbsp;<strong>Wilhelm Schmidt&nbsp;<\/strong>\u201dUrsprung der Gottesidee\u201d \u0259s\u0259rinin birinci cildini tamamlad\u0131, kitab\u0131n s\u0259ras\u0259r \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259l\u0259 bir q\u0131rx il d\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259b olunacaqd\u0131. 1912-ci ild\u0259&nbsp;<strong>Raffaele Pettazzoni&nbsp;<\/strong>ilk \u00f6n\u0259mli monoqraf\u0131 \u201dLa religione primitiva in Sardegna\u201d v\u0259&nbsp;<strong>Carl G. Jung&nbsp;<\/strong>\u201dWandlungen und Symbol der Libido\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u0131q \u00fcz\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131.&nbsp;<strong>Sigmund Freud<\/strong>&nbsp;da \u201dTotem und Tabu\u201d kitab\u0131ndak\u0131 arqumentl\u0259rini bir daha n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irirdi v\u0259 n\u00f6vb\u0259ti il kitab\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ap ed\u0259c\u0259kdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cAnimizm\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda dinl\u0259rin tarixi il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00f6rd f\u0259rqli yana\u015fma izl\u0259nirdi: sosioloji, psixoloji, etnoloji v\u0259 tarixi. \u00c7ox q\u0259rib\u0259dir ki, Pettazzoni\u2019d\u0259n savay\u0131 bu aliml\u0259rin he\u00e7 biri tarix\u00e7i deyildi. Buna baxmayaraq Freud, Jung, Durkheim v\u0259 Schmidt iyirminci \u0259srin ruhunda d\u0259rin iz buraxm\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r oldular. Onlar\u0131n din tarixl\u0259ri, dinl\u0259rin formala\u015fmas\u0131 haqq\u0131ndak\u0131 fikirl\u0259ri insanlar\u0131n zehnl\u0259rini ciddi bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful etm\u0259yi bacard\u0131. 1900 v\u0259 1912-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda Almaniyada dinl\u0259rin m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi haqq\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan teoriyalar bil\u0259vasit\u0259 v\u0259 ya dolay\u0131 yolla&nbsp;<strong>Edward Burnett Tylor<\/strong>\u2019in animizm teoriyas\u0131ndan as\u0131l\u0131 idi. Tylor 1871-ci ild\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr etdiyi&nbsp;<strong>\u201dPrimitive Culture\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;kitab\u0131nda ilkin dini inanc\u0131n&nbsp;<strong>animizm&nbsp;<\/strong>oldu\u011funu m\u00fcdafi\u0259 edir v\u0259 bu inanc b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u0259bi\u0259t varl\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131n ruhani mahiyy\u0259t\u0259 malik oldu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201dPrimitiv\u201d insanlar\u0131n x\u0259tal\u0131 inanc\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u0259bii ki, iddiaya g\u00f6r\u0259 \u201dprimitiv\u201d insanlar\u0131n bu inanc\u0131 x\u0259tal\u0131 idi, \u00e7\u00fcnki onlar orqanizml\u0259rin t\u0259bii prosesl\u0259rini d\u0259rk ed\u0259 bilm\u0259dikl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn buna inan\u0131rd\u0131lar v\u0259 bu teoriyaya g\u00f6r\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn dinl\u0259rin \u00f6z m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yini bu animizm inanc\u0131ndan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.&nbsp;<strong>R.R. Marett<\/strong>&nbsp;1900-cu ild\u0259 \u201dPreanimistic Religion\u201d m\u0259qal\u0259sini n\u0259\u015fr ed\u0259r\u0259k bu teoriyan\u0131 r\u0259dd edirdi v\u0259 ona g\u00f6r\u0259 animizmd\u0259n \u00f6nc\u0259 d\u0259 dini inanclar m\u00f6vcud idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 dinin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131 qeyri rasional faktorlarla, \u0259sas\u0259n d\u0259 qorxu il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 idi. T\u0259bi\u0259t hadis\u0259l\u0259rini izah etm\u0259kd\u0259 aciz olan insanlar onu f\u00f6vq\u0259lt\u0259bii q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirirdil\u0259r. Marett\u2019in bu fikri bir \u00e7ox pozitivist dair\u0259d\u0259 \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259t qazanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Willhelm Mannhardt, Max M\u00fcller v\u0259 Andrew Lang kimil\u0259rin d\u0259 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etdiyi teoriya naturizmin t\u0259rifin\u0259 daxildir. Bunlara g\u00f6r\u0259 izah edil\u0259 bilinm\u0259y\u0259n t\u0259bi\u0259t hadis\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n formala\u015fm\u0131\u015f inanclar dinl\u0259rin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cGenetik S\u0259fs\u0259t\u0259\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ateistl\u0259rin, deistl\u0259rin dindarlarla m\u00fczakir\u0259sind\u0259 istifad\u0259 etdikl\u0259ri arqumentl\u0259r bu n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f&nbsp;<strong>b\u0259zi primitiv arqumentl\u0259rdir.&nbsp;<\/strong>Ateistl\u0259rin g\u0259tirdikl\u0259ri \u0259n z\u0259if, \u0259n u\u011fursuz arqumentl\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 dinin m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yini bu teoriyalarla izah ed\u0259r\u0259k dini inanclar\u0131n x\u0259ta oldu\u011funu s\u00fcbut etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ciddi bir dindar filosofun qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bel\u0259 bir arqument s\u0259sl\u0259ndirildikd\u0259 \u0259lb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, o, bunun klassik bir s\u0259fs\u0259t\u0259 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259c\u0259k. Daha \u00e7ox&nbsp;<strong>\u201cgenetik s\u0259fs\u0259t\u0259\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;ad\u0131 il\u0259 tan\u0131n\u0131r, buna \u201cm\u0259n\u015f\u0259 s\u0259fs\u0259t\u0259si\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 da ver\u0259 bil\u0259rik. Bu arqumentin bo\u015f bir arqument oldu\u011funu bir ne\u00e7\u0259 b\u0259ndd\u0259 izah etm\u0259k olar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 H\u0259r \u015feyd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l anlamaq laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, bunlar sad\u0259c\u0259 olaraq dini skeptikl\u0259rin, pozitivist ateistl\u0259rin ir\u0259li s\u00fcrd\u00fckl\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rdir, fakt deyill\u0259r. Biz dinl\u0259rin bu c\u00fcr \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259si fikri il\u0259 raz\u0131 deyilik. Biz\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 insan \u00f6vlad\u0131n\u0131n bu g\u00fcn h\u0259yat, kainat haqq\u0131nda verdiyi suallar\u0131 erk\u0259n insanlar da veribl\u0259r. Zira h\u0259yat\u0131 d\u0259rk etm\u0259k h\u0259r zaman insan\u0131n \u0259n m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s arzusu olub.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Davam edirik<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 H\u0259tta bu fikirl\u0259rin do\u011fru olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul ets\u0259k bel\u0259 yen\u0259 d\u0259 bu, dini inanclar\u0131n x\u0259ta oldu\u011funu isbat etm\u0259z. Bunun klassik bir misal\u0131 budur ki, b\u0259zi t\u0259bii \u0259dvalar\u0131n sehrli q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 sahib olmas\u0131 inanc\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f edil\u0259r\u0259k onlar\u0131n insan sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131na xeyrli oldu\u011funa inan\u0131blar. Bu g\u00fcn biz h\u0259min d\u0259valar\u0131n t\u0259sir etm\u0259 mexanizmini daha yax\u015f\u0131 anlay\u0131r\u0131. Lakin q\u0259dim insanlar\u0131n vard\u0131qlar\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259nin do\u011fru oldu\u011funu t\u0259sdiql\u0259yirik. Y\u0259ni onlar\u0131n sehir inanc\u0131n\u0131 inkar edirik, lakin onlar\u0131n t\u0259sir etm\u0259 q\u00fcvv\u0259sini inkar etmirik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 \u00dcst\u0259lik bu n\u00f6qt\u0259d\u0259 naturalistik izah il\u0259&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/organicelm.com\/tebiet-elmleri-ve-heqiqet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">teistik izah<\/a>&nbsp;aras\u0131nda bir ziddiyy\u0259t yoxdur. John Lennox\u2019un sual\u0131 bu m\u0259qamda yerin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr: \u201dSoban\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u0259 su n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qaynay\u0131r?\u201d soru\u015fduqda bir kims\u0259 bel\u0259 bir cavab ver\u0259 bil\u0259r: \u201cSobada formala\u015fan atomlar\u0131n\/molekullar\u0131n h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259ti formas\u0131ndak\u0131 enerji metal il\u0259 t\u0259mas vasit\u0259si il\u0259 suya ke\u00e7ir v\u0259 suyun molekullar\u0131n\u0131 xaotik h\u0259r\u0259kata ke\u00e7ir, bel\u0259likl\u0259 d\u0259 su qaynay\u0131r v\u0259 buxarlan\u0131r.\u201d Bel\u0259 bir izah naturalistik bir izahd\u0131r. Bir dig\u0259r kims\u0259nin bu suala cavab\u0131 \u2013 \u201c\u00e7\u00fcnki kimins\u0259 k\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00e7ay i\u00e7m\u0259k ist\u0259yib\u201d \u2013 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 olarsa bunun da x\u0259ta oldu\u011funu dey\u0259 bilm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259yik, \u0259ksin\u0259 bu da tamamil\u0259 do\u011fru bir cavab olacaq. Bu iki izah bir-birini r\u0259dd etmir, \u0259ksin\u0259 bir-birini tamamlay\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201cM\u0259n\u015f\u0259 s\u0259fs\u0259t\u0259sinin\u201d bir ba\u015fqa formas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>\u201cPakistanda do\u011fulsayd\u0131n m\u00fcs\u0259lman, Vatikanda do\u011fulsayd\u0131n katolik olacaqd\u0131n\u201d<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu \u201cm\u0259n\u015f\u0259 s\u0259fs\u0259t\u0259sinin\u201d bir ba\u015fqa formas\u0131 is\u0259 insanlar\u0131n f\u0259rqli co\u011frafiyalarda do\u011fulmaqlar\u0131 il\u0259 sahib olduqlar\u0131n inanc\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirm\u0259kdir. Ad\u0259t\u0259n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ri%C3%A7ard_Dokinz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Richard Dawkins<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>kimi b\u0259sit d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259li ateistl\u0259r\u00a0<em>\u201dPakistanda do\u011fulsayd\u0131n m\u00fcs\u0259lman, Vatikanda do\u011fulsayd\u0131n katolik olacaqd\u0131n\u201d\u00a0<\/em>c\u00fcml\u0259si il\u0259 bir arqument s\u0259sl\u0259ndirirl\u0259r. Bu da \u201cgenetik s\u0259fs\u0259t\u0259nin\u201d bir misal\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fg\u0259r bir kims\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lman \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259 do\u011fuldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcs\u0259lman olursa bu he\u00e7 d\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n x\u0259ta oldu\u011funu s\u00fcbut etm\u0259z. \u018fg\u0259r kims\u0259 1930-larda Danimarkada kvant fizikas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6yr\u0259ns\u0259ydi \u00e7ox ehtimal ki, Niels Bohr\u2019un \u201cKopenhagen\u201d izah\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259kdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biz bu g\u00fcn bu izahlardan hans\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru oldu\u011funu dey\u0259 bilmirik, lakin q\u0259bul edirik ki, t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rin bu izahlar\u0131 q\u0259bul etm\u0259sind\u0259 ya\u015fad\u0131qlar\u0131 co\u011frafiyan\u0131n, oxuduqlar\u0131 universitetl\u0259rin v\u0259 izl\u0259dikl\u0259ri mentorlar\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck rolu vard\u0131r. Klassik Yunan\u0131standa do\u011fulan biri \u00e7ox ehtimal ki, kainat\u0131n ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131cs\u0131z oldu\u011funa, \u0259z\u0259li oldu\u011funa inanacaqd\u0131 v\u0259 eyni zamanda K\u0259nan torpaqlar\u0131nda do\u011fulan biri is\u0259 Kainat\u0131n bir ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funa inanacaqd\u0131. Bu g\u00fcn biz bilirik ki, m\u00fcasir kosmologiya kainat\u0131n bir ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu s\u00fcbut edir. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 bir \u0259razid\u0259 do\u011fulman\u0131n hans\u0131sa bir inanc sistemin\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olma \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 h\u0259min inanc sisteminin x\u0259tal\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcbut etm\u0259z. Bunun \u0259ksin\u0259 inanmaq \u201cm\u0259ntiqi bir x\u0259tad\u0131r\u201d, bir ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259\u00a0<strong>s\u0259fs\u0259t\u0259dir.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1912-ci il dinl\u0259rin elmi ara\u015fd\u0131rmas\u0131 sah\u0259sind\u0259 \u00f6n\u0259mli bir il hesab edilir.&nbsp;Emile Durkheim&nbsp;\u201dFormes \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires de la vie religieuse\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259\u015fr etdi v\u0259&nbsp;Wilhelm Schmidt&nbsp;\u201dUrsprung der Gottesidee\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":99629,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-99628","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gundm"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99628","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=99628"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99628\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":99630,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99628\/revisions\/99630"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/99629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=99628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=99628"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fedai.az\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=99628"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}